scholarly journals Resources, Scenarios, Agency: Environmental Computer Games // Recursos, escenarios, agencia: Juegos de ordenador sobre el medio ambiente

Author(s):  
Bradon Tam Lynn Smith

      In this paper I argue that computer games have the potential to offer spaces for ecological reflection, critique, and engagement. However, in many computer games, elements of the games’ procedural rhetoric limit this potential. In his account of American foundation narratives, environmental historian David Nye notes that the ‘second-creation’ narratives that he identifies “retain widespread attention [...] children play computer games such as SimCity, which invite them to create new communities from scratch in an empty virtual landscape…a malleable, empty space implicitly organized by a grid” (Nye 288). I begin by showing how grid-based resource management games encode a set of narratives in which nature is the location of resources to be extracted and used. I then examine the climate change game Fate of the World (2011), drawing it into comparison with game-like online policy tools such as the UK Department for Energy and Climate Change’s 2050 Calculator, and models such as the environmental scenario generation tool Foreseer. I argue that while both may be narrowly successful in generating engagement with climate change and resource issues, in other ways their effect may be disempowering: firstly, they emphasise the scale and complexity of environmental problems; secondly, the prioritise technocratic top-down policy responses at the expense of changes on the level of individual behaviour. This paper then turns to examples of digital games and playing strategies that offer more plural and open-ended engagement with environmental concerns. The on/off-line game World Without Oil (2007) encouraged players to respond to a fictional oil crisis, generating sustained and solution-focussed engagement. Examples of ‘expansive play’ also reveal ecocritical playing strategies in the sandbox-game Minecraft, a game which may initially seem to take the logic of resource extraction to its extreme. Finally, I look at David O'Reilly’s off-beat game-animation Mountain (2014), which in its unflinching mountain removes the agency of the player, and mocks the ‘nature as resource’ model of the games previously discussed. Instead Mountain invites an ontological reconsideration of the player’s relationship with the non-human. Resumen      En este ensayo argumento que los juegos de ordenador tienen el potencial de ofreces espacios para la reflexión, la crítica y el compromiso ecológicos. Sin embargo, en muchos juegos de ordenador, los elementos de la retórica procedimental de los juegos limitan este potencial. En su recuento de las narrativas fundacionales americanas, el historiador medioambiental David Nye destaca que las narrativas de ‘segunda creación’ que él identifica “conservan una atención generalizada […] los niños juegan con el ordenador a juegos como SimCity, que les invita a crear nuevas comunidades desde cero en un paisaje virtual vacío, un espacio vacío maleable e implícitamente organizado por una cuadrícula” (Nye 288). Comienzo mostrando como los juegos de gestión de recursos basados en cuadrículas codifican un conjunto de narrativas en la naturaleza es la ubicación de la que se extraen y en la que se usan los recursos. Después examino el juego sobre el cambio climático Fate of the World (2011), comparándolo con herramientas de política online como la del Departamento de Energía y Cambio Climático de Reino Unido, 2050 Calculator; y modelos como la herramienta de generación de escenarios medioambientales Foreseer. Argumento que mientras que ambos pueden ser poco exitosos a la hora de generar compromiso con el cambio climático y con temas de recursos, por otra parte, su efecto puede ser desalentador: primero, enfatizan la escala y la complejidad de los problemas medioambientales; segundo, priorizan respuestas políticas tecnócratas verticales a expensas de cambios en el nivel del comportamiento individual. Este ensayo luego recurre a ejemplos de juegos digitales y a estrategias de juego que ofrecen un compromiso más plural y más abierto de mente con respecto a las preocupaciones medioambientales. El juego con/sin conexión World Without Oil (2007) animaba a los jugadores a responder a una crisis petrolífera ficticia, generando un compromiso sostenido y centrado en soluciones. El juego de animación poco convencional de David O’Reilly Mountain (2014), que en su inquebrantable montaña elimina la agencialidad del jugador y parodia el modelo de juegos ‘naturaleza como recurso’, incita a una reconsideración ontológica de la relación del jugador con lo no-humano. Finalmente, se examinan ejemplos de modificación y ‘juego expansivo’ para revelar estrategias de juego ecocrítico sorprendentes en el juego de mundo abierto Minecraft, un juego que en principio parece llevar la lógica de la extracción de recursos al extremo.

Paranoia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Freeman ◽  
Jason Freeman

Over the past few years, a new and deadly epidemic has stalked the land. Britain and the US, just like much of the rest of the world, are getting fat. Around 60 per cent of adults in the UK are heavier than they should be. It’s a similar story in the US, where two-thirds of adults are overweight or extremely overweight (obese). That’s a pretty shocking statistic, but we all know that keeping in shape when you’re trying to balance the demands of work and family life is tough. Who’s got time to get to the gym? Who has the energy to do more than heat up a ready meal after ten hours in the office? Besides, we all get bigger as we get older, don’t we? It’s a metabolism thing—isn’t it? But if you think the statistics for adults are alarming, wait till you find out how our kids are faring. In 2003, 27 per cent of children under 11 in England were either overweight or obese. In the US, where different methods to measure obesity are used, nearly 20 per cent of children aged 6 to 11 were classified as overweight or obese in 2004. The numbers have almost doubled in a decade. How did so many children get to be overweight before they’ve even reached the ripe old age of 11? How do you become overweight when so much of your day is taken up with charging round a playground or park, when you can’t drive, and when you’re not free—like the rest of us—to stuff your face at will with chocolate, crisps, and alcohol? The answer, of course, is a complex one. If adults are eating much less healthily than they used to, so are their kids. Instead of spending their evenings playing outside, children now have the delights of multi-channel television, computer games, and the Internet to choose from. And then there’s the fact that increasing numbers of us just won’t let our children outside on their own. Back in the mid 1970s, we were 6 years old.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Hickman

<p>Leo Hickman will outline his experience of communicating climate change as a journalist and author. Leo has edited the award-winning Carbon Brief since 2015. The UK-based website specialises in publishing clear, data-driven articles and graphics to help improve the understanding of climate change, both in terms of the science and the policy response. Before joining Carbon Brief, Leo spent 16 years at the Guardian as a features journalist and editor covering the environment, particularly climate change. Leo has also authored several books, including "Will Jellyfish Rule the World?" (Puffin, 2009), which explained climate change to Key Stage 3 children.</p>


This chapter aims to: provide the reader with an in-depth look at the persistence of gendered occupational segregation, through a discussion of the relatively new industry of computer games; highlight how important this new sector is in terms of cultural and economic impact in countries throughout the world, including the UK and USA; and provide an overview of the situation of women working in this industry and reasons given for their low representation in the industries workforce.


2020 ◽  
pp. 026101832096176
Author(s):  
Peter Somerville

Failure to take climate change seriously enough has resulted in the world now facing a climate emergency, with rising global temperatures, melting polar ice caps, increasingly frequent and severe storms, floods and droughts, and rising sea levels. Despite being the first country in the world to set statutory carbon emissions reduction targets (in the Climate Change Act 2008), the UK government since 2012 has fallen increasingly behind, even by its own standards. This paper details what this has meant in terms of specific policies and identifies some of the reasons for this policy failure: in particular, a negative attitude towards regulation and a return to a reliance on market forces, plus an overriding concern to continue with ‘business as usual’, in terms of support for fossil-fuel industries and ever-increasing energy demand and supply. Ironically, this has resulted in a situation where radical solutions seem even more necessary and more urgent.


Author(s):  
Sabrina Bruno

Climate change is a financial factor that carries with it risks and opportunities for companies. To support boards of directors of companies belonging to all jurisdictions, the World Economic Forum issued in January 2019 eight Principlescontaining both theoretical and practical provisions on: climate accountability, competence, governance, management, disclosure and dialogue. The paper analyses each Principle to understand scope and managerial consequences for boards and to evaluate whether the legal distinctions, among the various jurisdictions, may undermine the application of the Principles or, by contrast, despite the differences the Principles may be a useful and effective guidance to drive boards' of directors' conduct around the world in handling climate change challenges. Five jurisdictions are taken into consideration for this comparative analysis: Europe (and UK), US, Australia, South Africa and Canada. The conclusion is that the WEF Principles, as soft law, is the best possible instrument to address boards of directors of worldwide companies, harmonise their conduct and effectively help facing such global emergency.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Sandy Henderson ◽  
Ulrike Beland ◽  
Dimitrios Vonofakos

On or around 9 January 2019, twenty-two Listening Posts were conducted in nineteen countries: Canada, Chile, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany (Frankfurt and Berlin), Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy (two in Milan and one in the South), Peru, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, and the UK. This report synthesises the reports of those Listening Posts and organises the data yielded by them into common themes and patterns.


Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Galiani ◽  
Manuel Puente ◽  
Federico Weinschelbaum

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