scholarly journals Implicitly learning when to be ready: From instances to categories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Kruijne ◽  
Riccardo M. Galli ◽  
Sander A. Los
Keyword(s):  
Target Stimulus ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Transfer Phase ◽  
Temporal Preparation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Rolling Regression

AbstractThere is growing appreciation for the role of long-term memory in guiding temporal preparation in speeded reaction time tasks. In experiments with variable foreperiods between a warning stimulus (S1) and a target stimulus (S2), preparation is affected by foreperiod distributions experienced in the past, long after the distribution has changed. These effects from memory can shape preparation largely implicitly, outside of participants’ awareness. Recent studies have demonstrated the associative nature of memory-guided preparation. When distinct S1s predict different foreperiods, they can trigger differential preparation accordingly. Here, we propose that memory-guided preparation allows for another key feature of learning: the ability to generalize across acquired associations and apply them to novel situations. Participants completed a variable foreperiod task where S1 was a unique image of either a face or a scene on each trial. Images of either category were paired with different distributions with predominantly shorter versus predominantly longer foreperiods. Participants displayed differential preparation to never-before seen images of either category, without being aware of the predictive nature of these categories. They continued doing so in a subsequent Transfer phase, after they had been informed that these contingencies no longer held. A novel rolling regression analysis revealed at a fine timescale how category-guided preparation gradually developed throughout the task, and that explicit information about these contingencies only briefly disrupted memory-guided preparation. These results offer new insights into temporal preparation as the product of a largely implicit process governed by associative learning from past experiences.

scholarly journals Implicitly learning when to be ready: from instances to categories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
wouter kruijne ◽  
Riccardo Mattia Galli ◽  
Sander Los
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Transfer Phase ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Preparation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Rolling Regression

[Manuscript submitted for review]There is growing appreciation for the role of long-term memory in guiding temporal preparation. In experiments with variable foreperiods between a warning stimulus (S1) and a target stimulus (S2), preparation is affected by foreperiod distributions experienced in the past, long after the distribution has changed. Such memory-guided preparation shapes preparation largely implicitly and outside of a participants’ control. Recent studies have demonstrated the associative nature of such memory-guided preparation. When distinct S1s predict different foreperiods, they can trigger dissociative preparation accordingly. Here, we demonstrate that memory-guided preparation allows for another key feature of learning: the ability to generalize across acquired associations and apply them to novel situations. Participants completed a foreperiod task where S1 was a unique image of either a face or a scene on each trial. Images of either category were paired with different distributions with predominantly shorter versus predominantly longer foreperiods. Participants displayed dissociative preparation to never-before seen images of either category, without being aware of the predictive nature of these categories. They continued doing so in a subsequent transfer phase, after they had been informed that these contingencies no longer held. A novel rolling regression analysis revealed at a fine timescale how category-guided preparation gradually developed throughout the task, and illustrated how instructions at the start of the transfer phase interacted with these influences from long-term memory. These results offer new insights into temporal preparation as the product of a largely implicit process governed by associative learning from past experiences.

scholarly journals Evidence for short-term, but not long-term, transfer effects in the temporal preparation of auditory stimuli

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2672-2679
Author(s):  
Emily M Crowe ◽  
Christopher Kent
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Function ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Transfer Phase ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Preparation ◽  
Specific Memory

Starting procedures in racing sports consist of a warning (e.g., “Set”) followed by a target (e.g., “Go”) signal. During this interval (the foreperiod), athletes engage in temporal preparation whereby they prepare to respond to the target as quickly as possible. Despite a long history, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this process are debated. Recently, it has been suggested that traces of previous temporal durations drive temporal preparation performance rather than the traditional explanation that performance is related to the currently perceived hazard function. Los and colleagues used visual stimuli for the warning and target signals. As racing sports typically rely upon auditory stimuli, we investigated the role of memory on temporal preparation in the auditory domain. Experiment 1 investigated long-term transfer effects. In an acquisition phase, two groups of participants were exposed to different foreperiod distributions. One week later, during a transfer phase, both groups received the same distribution of foreperiods. There was no evidence for transfer effects. Therefore, Experiment 2 examined short-term transfer effects in which acquisition and transfer phases were completed in the same testing session. There was some evidence for transfer effects, but this was limited, suggesting that there may be modality-specific memory differences.

Neuropsychological Investigations of Human Amnesia: Insights Into the Role of the Medial Temporal Lobes in Cognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Margaret M. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The One

AbstractThe past 30 years of research on human amnesia has yielded important changes in our understanding of the role of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) in memory. On the one hand, this body of evidence has highlighted that not all types of memory are impaired in patients with MTL lesions. On the other hand, this research has made apparent that the role of the MTL extends beyond the domain of long-term memory, to include working memory, perception, and future thinking. In this article, we review the discoveries and controversies that have characterized this literature and that set the stage for a new conceptualization of the role of the MTL in cognition. This shift toward a more nuanced understanding of MTL function has direct relevance for a range of clinical disorders in which the MTL is implicated, potentially shaping not only theoretical understanding but also clinical practice. (JINS, 2017, 23, 732–740)

scholarly journals Timing a week later: The role of long-term memory in temporal preparation

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1900-1905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozemarijn M. Mattiesing ◽  
Wouter Kruijne ◽  
Martijn Meeter ◽  
Sander A. Los
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Preparation

Impact of FII’s and FDI’s on Indian Stock Market

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bull Market ◽  
Indian Stock Market

FIIs are companies registered outside India. In the past four years there has been more than $41 trillion worth of FII funds invested in India. This has been one of the major reasons on the bull market witnessing unprecedented growth with the BSE Sensex rising 221% in absolute terms in this span. The present downfall of the market too is influenced as these FIIs are taking out some of their invested money. Though there is a lot of value in this market and fundamentally there is a lot of upside in it. For long-term value investors, there’s little because for worry but short term traders are adversely getting affected by the role of FIIs are playing at the present. Investors should not panic and should remain invested in sectors where underlying earnings growth has little to do with financial markets or global economy.

The role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Patel ◽  
Reza Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Global Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Kinase C

Abstract Long-term memories are thought to be stored in neurones and synapses that undergo physical changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and these changes can be maintained for long periods of time. A candidate enzyme for the maintenance of LTP is protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a constitutively active protein kinase C isoform that is elevated during LTP and long-term memory maintenance. This paper reviews the evidence and controversies surrounding the role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory. PKMζ maintains synaptic potentiation by preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis and promoting stabilisation of dendritic spine growth. Inhibition of PKMζ, with zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can reverse LTP and impair established long-term memories. However, a deficit of memory retrieval cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, ZIP, and in high enough doses the control peptide scrambled ZIP, was recently shown to be neurotoxic, which may explain some of the effects of ZIP on memory impairment. PKMζ knockout mice show normal learning and memory. However, this is likely due to compensation by protein-kinase C iota/lambda (PKCι/λ), which is normally responsible for induction of LTP. It is not clear how, or if, this compensatory mechanism is activated under normal conditions. Future research should utilise inducible PKMζ knockdown in adult rodents to investigate whether PKMζ maintains memory in specific parts of the brain, or if it represents a global memory maintenance molecule. These insights may inform future therapeutic targets for disorders of memory loss.

The Role of UBI in Mitigating the Effects of Psychosocial Stressors: A Review and Proposal

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110051
Author(s):  
Rashmi Gupta ◽  
Jemima Jacob ◽  
Gaurav Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Role Stress ◽  
Psychosocial Stressors ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Psychosocial stressors and social disadvantages contribute to inequalities in opportunities and outcomes. In the current paper, we use an epidemiological perspective and highlight the role stress plays on individuals by reviewing the outcomes of major stressors such as poverty and unemployment. We further analyzed the psychological and physical cost of these stressors and their long-term impact. We examined the role of universal basic income and closely looked at income experiments that were implemented in the past, in terms of their effectiveness in enhancing the community as well as individual outcomes and propose the UBI as a tool for alleviating the impact of these stressors. At a time when a major pandemic (e.g., COVID-19) threatens economic stability and health globally, we believe the UBI is relevant now, more than ever.

scholarly journals Enhanced Antimycobacterial Response to RecombinantMycobacterium bovis BCG Expressing Latency-Associated Peptide

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6676-6682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben G. Marshall ◽  
Arun Wangoo ◽  
Peadar O'Gaora ◽  
H. Terry Cook ◽  
Rory J. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Response

ABSTRACT With a view to exploring the role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) during mycobacterial infection, recombinant clones of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were engineered to express the natural antagonist of TGF-β, latency-activated peptide (LAP). Induction of TGF-β activity was reduced when macrophages were infected with BCG expressing the LAP construct (LAP-BCG). There was a significant reduction in the growth of LAP-BCG in comparison to that of control BCG following intravenous infection in a mouse model. The enhanced control of mycobacterial replication was associated with an increase in the production of gamma interferon by splenocytes challenged during the acute stage of infection but with a diminished recall response assessed after 13 weeks. Organ weight and hydroxyproline content, representing tissue pathology, were also lower in mice infected with LAP-BCG. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that TGF-β has a detrimental effect on mycobacterial immunity. While a reduction in TGF-β activity augments the initial response to BCG vaccination, early bacterial clearance may adversely affect the induction of a long-term memory response by LAP-BCG.

scholarly journals Mediator as a Story Recipient in Narrative Mediation: What Types of Questions Should I Ask?

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Chen Ying ◽  
Tan Chee Lay
Keyword(s):  
Turning Points ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Good Story ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conflict Talk

<p><em>This study adopted the theoretical framework of narrative mediation to investigate a storied conflict talk between a landlord and her tenant in which the mediator played the role of a story recipient in the co-construction of stories with disputants. The focus of this research is on the function of questions posed by the mediator in the production of turning points which are favourable to the evolution of “better-formed” stories. The results of this study indicate that there are at least two types of questions mediators ask: 1) the questions that can help disputants reflect on their imperfectness; 2) the questions that awaken disputants’ memories of their good stories from the past. It is shown that the de-legitimacy for Self laid a foundation for the production of a good story towards a meaningful outcome for the mediation. The inadequacy of the context formed by first having legitimacy for Other followed by the de-legitimacy for Self led to the failure of destabilizing the problematic story in the mediation. The lack of the dominant party’s legitimacy for Other resulted in the absence of legitimacy from the marginalized side and would likely cause unfavourable consequences to the mediation in the long term.</em></p>

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