scholarly journals Detection of therapeutic radiation in three-dimensions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1325-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Adamovics
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The State ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Radical Initiator ◽  
Radiation Delivery ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Therapeutic Radiation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

For over the last twenty years there has been a multitude of sophisticated three-dimensional radiation delivery procedures developed which requires a corresponding verification of the impact on patients. This article reviews the state of the art in the development of chemical detectors used to characterize the three-dimensional shape of therapeutic radiation. These detectors are composed of polyurethane, radical initiator and a leuco dye, which is radiolytically oxidized to a dye absorbing at 630 nm.

scholarly journals The Complexities of the Three-Dimensional Shape of Individual Crystals in Glacier Ice

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
George P. Rigsby
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Crystal Shape ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Crystal Boundary ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

A block of ice from Blue Glacier. Washington, was successively sectioned at close intervals as a means of determining exact crystal shape in three dimensions. Two crystals occupying over 20 per cent of the entire sample are used as examples, and their volumes calculated. These crystals were found to be much larger and more complex in shape than expected from thin-section examination alone. The surface-to-volume ratio was calculated using a simple relationship between the length of lines in a grid crossing the crystal and grid-line intercepts with the crystal boundary. From this ratio the surface area of each crystal was calculated.A measurement of irregularity or jaggedness is introduced in order to compare crystals of different size with one another. This is necessary because surface-to-volume ratio of a body of the same shape decreases as the size increases.

scholarly journals The Complexities of the Three-Dimensional Shape of Individual Crystals in Glacier Ice

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 233-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Rigsby
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Crystal Shape ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Crystal Boundary ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

A block of ice from Blue Glacier. Washington, was successively sectioned at close intervals as a means of determining exact crystal shape in three dimensions. Two crystals occupying over 20 per cent of the entire sample are used as examples, and their volumes calculated. These crystals were found to be much larger and more complex in shape than expected from thin-section examination alone. The surface-to-volume ratio was calculated using a simple relationship between the length of lines in a grid crossing the crystal and grid-line intercepts with the crystal boundary. From this ratio the surface area of each crystal was calculated.A measurement of irregularity or jaggedness is introduced in order to compare crystals of different size with one another. This is necessary because surface-to-volume ratio of a body of the same shape decreases as the size increases.

Three-dimensional shape searching: state-of-the-art review and future trends

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natraj Iyer ◽  
Subramaniam Jayanti ◽  
Kuiyang Lou ◽  
Yagnanarayanan Kalyanaraman ◽  
Karthik Ramani
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape ◽  
Shape Searching

Four Dimensions of Diamond T: Combination Trade Marks of Colours And Shapes

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Michael McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Trade Marks ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Trade Mark Law ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

This article examines the relatively new fields of colour and shape trade marks. It was initially feared by some academics that the new marks would encroach on the realms of patent and copyright.  However, the traditional requirements of trade mark law, such as functionality and descriptiveness, have meant that trade marks in colour and shape are extremely hard to acquire if they do not have factual distinctiveness. As colour and shape trade marks have no special restrictions, it is proposed that the combination trade mark theory and analysis from the Diamond T case should be used as a way to make them more accessible. The combination analysis can be easily applied because every product has a three dimensional shape and a fourth dimension of colour.

Acoustic Analysis of Detailed Three-Dimensional Shape of the Human Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Kitamura ◽  
Hironori Takemoto ◽  
Hisanori Makinae ◽  
Tetsutaro Yamaguchi ◽  
Kotaro Maki
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

scholarly journals The Effect of Material Properties on the Perceived Shape of Three-Dimensional Objects

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 204166952098231
Author(s):  
Masakazu Ohara ◽  
Juno Kim ◽  
Kowa Koida
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Transparent Objects ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Local Root ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Perceiving the shape of three-dimensional objects is essential for interacting with them in daily life. If objects are constructed from different materials, can the human visual system accurately estimate their three-dimensional shape? We varied the thickness, motion, opacity, and specularity of globally convex objects rendered in a photorealistic environment. These objects were presented under either dynamic or static viewing condition. Observers rated the overall convexity of these objects along the depth axis. Our results show that observers perceived solid transparent objects as flatter than the same objects rendered with opaque reflectance properties. Regional variation in local root-mean-square image contrast was shown to provide information that is predictive of perceived surface convexity.

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