Verstehen verstehen. Eine Pilotstudie zur Überprüfung der Eye-Mind-Hypothese bei multimedialen Lernprozessen von Funktionen

Author(s):  
Martin Ohrndorf

Erklärvideos spielen mittlerweile auch in schulischen Kontexten eine bedeutsame Rolle. Welche Lern- und Verstehensprozesse beim Schauen von Erklärvideos relevant sind, ist bislang jedoch noch nicht erforscht. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen ersten Schritt in Richtung der Erfassbarkeit kognitiver Verstehensprozesse mittels der Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen durch die Methode des Eye-Trackings. Das Medium Erklärvideo wird zunächst in die unterrichtspsychologische Forschung eingeordnet, indem seine Rolle für schulische Lehr-Lern-Prozesse anhand von Angebots-Nutzungs-Modellen untersucht wird. Diese Einordnung schafft eine analytische Trennung zwischen dem Erklärvideo als Angebot und der Nutzung dieses Mediums durch Schüler*innen, so dass diese beiden Perspektiven empirisch untersuchbar werden. Im nächsten Schritt wird beispielhaft ein Erklärvideo aus dem Bereich Funktionen als Lernangebot untersucht. Dies geschieht auf Grundlage eines Katalogs von Qualitätskriterien zur Untersuchung von lernunterstützenden Erklärvideos, welcher unter Berücksichtigung der Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning und fachdidaktischen Qualitätskriterien entwickelt und begründet wird. Nachfolgend wird die Erfassbarkeit kognitiver Verstehensprozesse beim funktionalen Denken anhand einer Fallstudie zur Nutzung des Erklärvideos durchgeführt. Hierzu werden Blickbewegungen und Äußerungen des nachträglichen lauten Denkens analysiert, u.a. anhand einer Ausdifferenzierung der Anderson-Krathwohl-Taxonomie für funktionales Denken. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Einblick in die aktuelle kognitionspsychologische Forschung bezüglich Erklärvideos zum funktionalen Lernen und weist nach, dass kognitive Erinnerns- und Verstehensprozesse u.a. mittels Eye-Tracking an verschiedenen Stellen sichtbar gemacht werden können.

Author(s):  
K. J. H. Dirkx ◽  
I. Skuballa ◽  
C. S. Manastirean-Zijlstra ◽  
H. Jarodzka

AbstractThe use of computer-based tests (CBTs), for both formative and summative purposes, has greatly increased over the past years. One major advantage of CBTs is the easy integration of multimedia. It is unclear, though, how to design such CBT environments with multimedia. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether guidelines for designing multimedia instruction based on the Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) and Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) will yield similar effects in CBT. In a within-subject design, thirty-three vocational students completed a computer-based arithmetic exam, in which half of the items were presented in an original design format, and the other half was redesigned based on the CTML principles for instructional design (i.e., adapted format). Results showed that applying CTML principles to a CBT decreased the difficulty of the test items, i.e., students scored significantly higher on the adapted test items. Moreover, eye-tracking data showed that the adapted items required less visual search and increased attention for the question and answer. Finally, cognitive load, measured as silent pauses during a secondary think-aloud task, decreased. Mean fixation duration (a different indicator of cognitive load), however, did not significantly differ between adapted and original items. These results indicate that applying multimedia principles to CBTs can be beneficial. It seems to prevent cognitive overload and helps students to focus on important parts of the test items (e.g., the question), leading to better test results.


Author(s):  
Cheryl I. Johnson ◽  
Daphne E. Whitmer ◽  
Matthew D. Marraffino ◽  
Lindsay B. Conner ◽  
Allison E. Garibaldi ◽  
...  

Adaptive training is tailored instruction designed to target an individual’s strengths and weaknesses, and it has been shown to improve learning outcomes and efficiency in a variety of domains, including flashcard training. The goal of this experiment was to determine whether the addition of other instructional strategies, such as enhanced feedback and pre-training, would further boost the learning benefits of an adaptive flashcard trainer. Thirty-nine college students learned to identify U.S. Navy ships using either a base version of the flashcard trainer, a version that included enhanced feedback, or a version that included pre-training and enhanced feedback. Results showed that the pre-training and enhanced feedback group significantly outperformed the other groups on delayed retention and transfer tests and showed higher learning efficiency. Implications for adaptive training and the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning are discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 12198
Author(s):  
Thomas Cavanagh ◽  
Kurt Kraiger ◽  
Janet M. Peters

Author(s):  
Duygu Mutlu-Bayraktar ◽  
Servet Bayram

In this chapter, situations that can cause split of attention in multimedia environments were determined via eye tracking method. Fixation numbers, heat maps and area of interest of learners were analyzed. As a result of these analyses, design suggestions were determined for multimedia environments to provide focusing attention to content without split attention effect. Visual and auditory resources should be provided simultaneously. Visual information should be supported with auditory expression instead of texts. Images such as videos, pictures and texts should not be presented on the same screen. Texts provided with pictures should be presented via integration to each other instead of separate presentation of text and picture. Texts provided with videos should be presented via integration to each other instead of separate presentation of text and video. Images should be given via marking important points on images to increase attention.


2011 ◽  
pp. 944-962
Author(s):  
Florian Schmidt-Weigand

This chapter introduces eye tracking as a method to observe how the split of visual attention is managed in multimedia learning. The chapter reviews eye tracking literature on multirepresentational material. A special emphasis is devoted to recent studies conducted to explore viewing behavior in learning from dynamic vs. static visualizations and the matter of pacing of presentation. A presented argument is that the learners’ viewing behavior is affected by design characteristics of the learning material. Characteristics like the dynamics of visualization or the pace of presentation only slightly influence the learners’ visual strategy, while user interaction (i.e., learner controlled pace of presentation) leads to a different visual strategy compared to system-paced presentation. Taking viewing behavior as an indicator of how split attention is managed the harms of a split source format in multimedia learning can be overcome by implementing a user interaction that allows the learner to adapt the material to perceptual and individual characteristics.


2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara van Gog ◽  
Katharina Scheiter

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