scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, including 11 new species from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chang ◽  
T.A. Duong ◽  
S.J. Taerum ◽  
M.J. Wingfield ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Invasion History ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Fungal Assemblages ◽  
China And Japan

Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) is a spruce-infesting bark beetle that occurs throughout Europe and Asia. The beetle can cause considerable damage, especially when colonized trees are stressed and beetle populations increase. Although some studies have shown that populations of I. typographus in Europe, China and Japan are genetically distinct, these populations are biologically similar, including a strong association with ophiostomatoid fungi. To date, only two Leptographium spp. have been reported from the beetle in China, while 40 species have been reported from Europe and 13 from Japan. The aims of this study were to identify the ophiostomatoid fungal associates of I. typographus in north-eastern China, and to determine whether the fungal assemblages reflect the different geographical populations of the beetle. Field surveys in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces yielded a total of 1046 fungal isolates from 145 beetles and 178 galleries. Isolates were grouped based on morphology and representatives of each group were identified using DNA sequences of the ribosomal LSU, ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and elongation factor 1-α gene regions. A total of 23 species of ophiostomatoid fungi were identified, including 12 previously described species and 11 novel species, all of which are described here. The dominant species were Ophiostoma bicolor, Leptographium taigense and Grosmannia piceiperda D, representing 40.5 %, 27.8 % and 17.8 % of the isolates, respectively. Comparisons of species from China, Europe and Japan are complicated by the fact that some of the European and all the Japanese species were identified based only on morphology. However, assuming that those identifications are correct, five species were shared between Europe, Japan and China, two species were shared between China and Japan, five between Europe and China, and two between Europe and Japan. Consequently, Ips typographus populations in these different geographic areas have different fungal assemblages, suggesting that the majority of these beetle-associations are promiscuous. The results also suggested that the symbionts of the bark beetle do not reflect the population structures of the beetle. The use of fungal symbiont assemblages to infer population structures and invasion history of its vectors should thus be interpreted with circumspection.

scholarly journals Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts Associated with Mites Phoretic on Ips typographus in Eastern Finland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Riikka Linnakoski ◽  
Ilmeini Lasarov ◽  
Pyry Veteli ◽  
Olli-Pekka Tikkanen ◽  
Heli Viiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

The European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) has become a major forest pest in Finland in recent years. The beetle is a well-known vector of mainly ophiostomatoid fungi causing blue-stain of timber and pathogens that have the ability to amplify the insect damage. It also vectors other associated organisms, such as phoretic mites. The ecology of these mites remains poorly understood, including their associations with fungi. In this study, we considered filamentous fungi and yeasts associated with mites phoretic on I. typographus. Fungal identifications were based on DNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and/or partial β-tubulin gene regions. Fifteen fungal species were detected, including eight yeasts and seven filamentous fungi. Eleven percent of the beetles carried mites and of these 74% carried at least one fungal species. An average of two fungal species were carried per mite. The most commonly found filamentous fungi were Grosmannia penicillata (25%), Ophiostoma bicolor (19%), O. ainoae (12%) and O. brunneolum (12%). Of the yeast species, the most commonly found was Wickerhamomyces bisporus (47%). This study is the first to report yeasts associated with I. typographus and its phoretic mites in Finland. Majority of the filamentous fungal species found are those previously reported in association with I. typographus. The results also confirmed that many of the fungal species commonly found on I. typographus are also associated with its phoretic mites. However, the nature of the symbiosis between the mites, beetles and fungal associates remains to be understood.

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in north-eastern Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jankowiak ◽  
Jacek Hilszczański
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
North Eastern

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from <em>Picea abies</em> was associated with <em>I. typographus</em> on <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were <em>O. bicolor</em> and <em>O. penicillatum</em>. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. <em>O. bicolor</em> was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by <em>I. typographus</em>. The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of <em>I. typographus</em> is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees.

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus f. aponicus in Japan

1997 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1215-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Yamaoka ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Ikuo Takahashi ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi vectored by bark beetles and colonizing trees of Pinus sylvestris in Sumy region (Ukraine)

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Davydenko ◽  
Denys Baturkin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Trees

K. Davydenko[1], D. Baturkin[2] Intensive mortality of Pinus sylvestris trees has recently been observed in the Sumy region in eastern Ukraine. There are two pine bark beetle species (Ips acuminatus and Ips sexdentatus), which spread resulted in considerable forest damage in Ukraine. The study of ophiostomatoid fungi vectored by bark beetles is very important to assess total harm of these insects. Therefore, the aim of our research was i) to identify ophiostomatoid fungi associated with weakened and dying Scots pine trees infested by bark beetles in the Sumy region; ii) to test the pathogenicity of these ophiostomatoid fungi to evaluate their potential threat to Scots pine. The fungi were isolated from bark beetle galleries and identified based on morphological properties and DNA sequences. In total, eight ophiostomatoid fungi (Graphium sp., Grosmannia sp.1, Ophiostoma bicolor, O. ips, O. canum, O. piceae, O. minus, Ophiostoma sp.1) were isolated from Scots pine trees infested by bark beetles. Scots pine seedlings were inoculated with eight fungi and sterile medium (control) to evaluate their pathogenicity. The inoculated seedlings were examined finally in 6 month after inoculation. Inoculation with O. minus produced significantly largest lesions and only this fungus caused mortality of pine seedlings. In total, all eight fungal species inoculated caused resin exudation and staining the bark around inoculations in Scots pine seedlings and five fungi caused different rate of seedlings decline. The size of stained sapwood was also greater following O. minus inoculations than other fungi or the control. All ophiostomatoid fungi caused significantly longer necrotic lesions and more occlusions in the sapwood than the controls. Therefore, based on the ability of various ophiostomatoid fungi to weaken and kill pine seedlings and stain sapwood, O. minus was the most dangerous species for Scots pine trees, followed by Graphium sp. and Ophiostoma sp.1. The occurrence of ophiostmatoid fungi in the sapwood of Scots pine is consistent with the concept of their primary role in the colonization of the fresh sapwood of trees in the succession of microorganisms during wood decay.    

scholarly journals Fungi associated with the beetles of Ips typographus on Norway spruce in southern Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Phloem Feeding

The mycobiota of the beetles of the phloem-feeding spruce bark beetle, <i>Ips typographus</i> was studied. The most important group of fungi were the ophiostomatoid fungi. Among them <i>O. penicillatum</i> was very frequent ophiostomatoid species. Other common fungi were <i>O. ainoae, O. bicolor, O. piceaperdum and O. piceae</i>. The ophiostomatoid fungi were often more frequent in beetles collected in galleries than in the beetles caught With a trap. Generally the ophiostomatoid fungi were more ofien isolated from the beetle.s bathed in sterile water for 30 seconds. However <i>C. polonica, O. ainoae</i>, and <i>O. minutum</i> occurred most abundantly in the beetles disinfected in 96% ethyl alcohol for 15 and 30 seconds.

Two new Ophiostoma species lacking conidial states isolated from bark beetles and bark beetle-infested Abies species in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuaki Ohtaka ◽  
Hayato Masuya ◽  
Yuichi Yamaoka ◽  
Shigeru Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Conidial Stage

Two ophiostomatoid fungi without conidiophores and conidia were isolated from bark beetles and bark beetle-infested Abies spp. The teleomorph characters were similar to species of Ophiostoma, but the absence of the conidial stage hampered their exact generic assignment. Detailed morphological observations and molecular analysis clarified their generic affiliation. Consequently, they were placed in the genus Ophiostoma , but their morphology and DNA sequences did not coincide with any other species of Ophiostoma. Here, we propose these two species as Ophiostoma aoshimae sp. nov. and Ophiostoma rectangulosporium sp. nov. The former species is characterized by perithecial necks ornamented with projections and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores, and the latter species is characterized by perithecial necks ornamented with rectangular ascospores and white colonies.

scholarly journals Facultative and obligate diapause phenotypes in populations of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schebeck ◽  
Nina Dobart ◽  
Gregory J. Ragland ◽  
Axel Schopf ◽  
Christian Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Egg Number

AbstractThe bark beetle Ips typographus is the most destructive insect pest in Norway spruce-dominated forests. Its potential to establish multiple generations per year (multivoltinism) is one major trait that makes this beetle a severe pest. Ips typographus enters diapause to adjust its life cycle to seasonally changing environments. Diapause is characterized by developmental and reproductive arrest; it prolongs generation time and thus affects voltinism. In I. typographus a facultative, photoperiod-regulated diapause in the adult stage has been described. In addition, the presence of an obligate, photoperiod-independent, diapause has been hypothesized. The diapause phenotype has important implications for I. typographus voltinism, as populations with obligate diapausing individuals would be univoltine. To test for the presence of different I. typographus diapause phenotypes, we exposed Central and Northern European individuals to a set of photoperiodic treatments. We used two ovarian traits (egg number and vitellarium size) that are associated with gonad development, to infer reproductive arrest and thus diapause. We found a distinct effect of photoperiod on ovarian development, with variable responses in Central and Northern European beetles. We observed obligate diapausing (independent of photoperiod) individuals in Northern Europe, and both facultative (photoperiod-regulated) as well as obligate diapausing individuals in Central Europe. Our results show within-species variation for diapause induction, an adaptation to match life cycles with seasonally fluctuating environmental conditions. As the diapause phenotype affects the potential number of generations per season, our data are the basis for assessing the risk of outbreaks of this destructive bark beetle.

scholarly journals Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Branislav Hroššo ◽  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Mária Potterf ◽  
Andrej Majdák ◽  
Miroslav Blaženec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Spruce Bark

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

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