scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi vectored by bark beetles and colonizing trees of Pinus sylvestris in Sumy region (Ukraine)

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Davydenko ◽  
Denys Baturkin
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Trees

K. Davydenko[1], D. Baturkin[2] Intensive mortality of Pinus sylvestris trees has recently been observed in the Sumy region in eastern Ukraine. There are two pine bark beetle species (Ips acuminatus and Ips sexdentatus), which spread resulted in considerable forest damage in Ukraine. The study of ophiostomatoid fungi vectored by bark beetles is very important to assess total harm of these insects. Therefore, the aim of our research was i) to identify ophiostomatoid fungi associated with weakened and dying Scots pine trees infested by bark beetles in the Sumy region; ii) to test the pathogenicity of these ophiostomatoid fungi to evaluate their potential threat to Scots pine. The fungi were isolated from bark beetle galleries and identified based on morphological properties and DNA sequences. In total, eight ophiostomatoid fungi (Graphium sp., Grosmannia sp.1, Ophiostoma bicolor, O. ips, O. canum, O. piceae, O. minus, Ophiostoma sp.1) were isolated from Scots pine trees infested by bark beetles. Scots pine seedlings were inoculated with eight fungi and sterile medium (control) to evaluate their pathogenicity. The inoculated seedlings were examined finally in 6 month after inoculation. Inoculation with O. minus produced significantly largest lesions and only this fungus caused mortality of pine seedlings. In total, all eight fungal species inoculated caused resin exudation and staining the bark around inoculations in Scots pine seedlings and five fungi caused different rate of seedlings decline. The size of stained sapwood was also greater following O. minus inoculations than other fungi or the control. All ophiostomatoid fungi caused significantly longer necrotic lesions and more occlusions in the sapwood than the controls. Therefore, based on the ability of various ophiostomatoid fungi to weaken and kill pine seedlings and stain sapwood, O. minus was the most dangerous species for Scots pine trees, followed by Graphium sp. and Ophiostoma sp.1. The occurrence of ophiostmatoid fungi in the sapwood of Scots pine is consistent with the concept of their primary role in the colonization of the fresh sapwood of trees in the succession of microorganisms during wood decay.    

scholarly journals Emergence levels of pine shoot beetles from roundwood piles of Scots pine and the cascading damage in the surrounding forests

Silva Fennica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Melin ◽  
Tiina Ylioja ◽  
Leena Aarnio ◽  
Katri Hamunen ◽  
Seppo Nevalainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
The Future ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Pine Shoot Beetles

Bark beetles are amongst the most aggressive pest agents of coniferous forests. Due to this, many boreal countries have designated laws aiming to lower the risk of bark beetle epidemics. Finland’s forest legislation has pre-emptive measures targeted against bark beetles, and for Scots pine ( L.), the law concerns pine shoot beetles ( spp.). This study used data collected around 25 piles of Scots pine roundwood that were harvested in the winter but left in the forest until the following November. Thus, the pine shoot beetles were able to use the piles for breeding. We assessed the number of emerged insects from the piles and the cascading damage they caused in the surrounding forests. All roundwood piles, regardless of their volume, were used by the beetles for breeding. Highest densities of beetle exit holes were found from the parts of the log with thick and intact bark. If the bark of the log was damaged by the harvester head, the number of beetles decreased significantly. Depending on the volume of the roundwood pile, the cascading damage (fallen shoots) was noticeable up to ca. 40–60 m from the roundwood pile. Storing of piles smaller than 50 m did not cause excess damage. The number of fallen shoots per tree was generally below the known thresholds for when growth losses can occur. However, the study was conducted in mature forests, and it can be assumed that the recorded damage levels would severely affect the growth of young pines, raising the question of where to store the roundwood. As with other bark beetles, the role of beetles as damage agents may change in the future, but based on this as well as past studies, the species can be viewed as a notable damage agents only around long-term wood storage sites in the current northern conditions.Pinus sylvestrisTomicus3Tomicus

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in north-eastern Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jankowiak ◽  
Jacek Hilszczański
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
North Eastern

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from <em>Picea abies</em> was associated with <em>I. typographus</em> on <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were <em>O. bicolor</em> and <em>O. penicillatum</em>. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. <em>O. bicolor</em> was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by <em>I. typographus</em>. The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of <em>I. typographus</em> is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees.

Two new Ophiostoma species lacking conidial states isolated from bark beetles and bark beetle-infested Abies species in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuaki Ohtaka ◽  
Hayato Masuya ◽  
Yuichi Yamaoka ◽  
Shigeru Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Conidial Stage

Two ophiostomatoid fungi without conidiophores and conidia were isolated from bark beetles and bark beetle-infested Abies spp. The teleomorph characters were similar to species of Ophiostoma, but the absence of the conidial stage hampered their exact generic assignment. Detailed morphological observations and molecular analysis clarified their generic affiliation. Consequently, they were placed in the genus Ophiostoma , but their morphology and DNA sequences did not coincide with any other species of Ophiostoma. Here, we propose these two species as Ophiostoma aoshimae sp. nov. and Ophiostoma rectangulosporium sp. nov. The former species is characterized by perithecial necks ornamented with projections and ellipsoid to oblong ascospores, and the latter species is characterized by perithecial necks ornamented with rectangular ascospores and white colonies.

scholarly journals Effect of Prunus serotina Ehrh. Volatile Compounds on Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris L.

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Halarewicz ◽  
Antoni Szumny ◽  
Paulina Bączek
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect

In temperate European forests invaded by Prunus serotina Ehrh. (black cherry), a reduction in the spontaneous regeneration capacity of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) is observed. It could be caused by various factors, including allelopathic properties of this invasive plant. In this study the phytotoxic effect of P. serotina volatile compounds on P. sylvestris and the seasonal variation in this effect were assessed. Simple assays showed that volatiles emitted from P. serotina leaves significantly inhibited root growth of P. sylvestris seedlings. Their negative effect on stem growth was much weaker. The strongest phytotoxic effect on Scots pine seedlings was caused by the volatiles emitted from the youngest black cherry leaves. In fresh foliage of P. serotina, nineteen volatile organic compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The dominant compound was benzaldehyde. On the basis of tests of linalool alone, it was found that this monoterpene present in the volatile fraction has a strong allelopathic potential and inhibits germination, root elongation and shoot elongation of pine seedlings. The results of our research suggest that volatile compounds from P. serotina leaves could limited survival of P. sylvestris individuals in the seedling phase.

scholarly journals Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) dynamics in the Welsh Marches during the mid to late-Holocene

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362199465
Author(s):  
Dael Sassoon ◽  
William J Fletcher ◽  
Alastair Hotchkiss ◽  
Fern Owen ◽  
Liting Feng
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Peat Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pollen Records

Around 4000 cal yr BP, Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) suffered a widespread demise across the British Isles. This paper presents new information about P. sylvestris populations found in the Welsh Marches (western central Britain), for which the long-term history and origins are poorly known. Two new pollen records were produced from the Lin Can Moss ombrotrophic bog (LM18) and the Breidden Hill pond (BH18). The LM18 peat core is supported by loss-on-ignition, humification analysis and radiocarbon dating. Lead concentrations were used to provide an estimated timeframe for the recent BH18 record. In contrast to many other Holocene pollen records from the British Isles, analysis of LM18 reveals that Scots pine grains were deposited continuously between c. 6900–300 cal yr BP, at frequencies of 0.3–5.4%. It is possible that individual Scots pine trees persisted through the wider demise on thin soils of steep drought-prone crags of hills or the fringes of lowland bogs in the Welsh Marches. At BH18, the record indicates a transition from broadleaved to mixed woodland, including conifer species introduced around AD 1850 including Picea and Pinus. The insights from BH18 suggest that the current populations may largely be the result of planting. Comparison of the LM18 findings with other regional pollen records highlights consistent patterns, including a Mid-Holocene maximum (ca. 7000 cal yr BP), long-term persistence at low pollen percentages and a Late-Holocene minimum (ca. 3000 cal yr BP). These distinctive trends encourage further studies on refugial areas for Scots pine in this region and elsewhere.

scholarly journals A comparative characteristic of fungal communities associated with Ips acuminatus in different regions of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Kateryna Davydenko
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Pine bark beetles are typically associated with complexes of fungi that could reveal different functional interaction. Thus, previously nonaggressive bark beetle Ips acuminatus is considering now to be among the most serious pests of pine forest in Ukraine and other European countries and vectored fungal community is very important to assess total harm of this bark beetle. The aim of this study was to reveal the vectored fungal community associated with the pine engraver beetle, I. acuminatus with special emphasis on pathogenic fungi for further evaluation of harm bark-beetle - fungi association for Ukrainian forest. In total, 288 adult beetles were collected from Scots pine trees at six different sites through Ukraine. DNA sequencing as fungal culturing from all beetles resulted in 1681 isolates and amplicons representing 42 fungal taxa. NCBI BLAST search revealed that the overall fungal community was composed of 94 species, of which 80.85% were Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota and unidentified fungal group, which accounted for 10.6% and 8.5 % of the total sequences, respectively. Among these, the most commonly detected fungi for pooling dataset were Sphaeropsis sapinea (23.6%), Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (19.44%), Ophiostoma ips (19.1%), Ophiostoma canum (19.1%) and Cladobotryum mycophilum (18.06%). In the pooled dataset of isolates and amplicons for each site, Shannon diversity indices ranged between 1.9 and 2.9 while Simpson diversity index varied between 0.69 and 0.89 indicating rich species diversity. In total twelve ophiostomatoid species were detected. All ophiostomatoid fungi were showing varying degrees of virulence and O. minus was the most aggressive fungus in previous studies. It is concluded that I. acuminatus vectors a species-rich fungal community including pathogens such as ophiostomatoid fungi, Sphaeropsis sapinea, different needle pathogens and wood decay fungi that seems to be very important for the assessment of threat of I. acuminatus to the pine forest in Ukraine.

scholarly journals CHRONIC IRRADIATION OF SCOTS PINE TREES (PINUS SYLVESTRIS) IN THE CHERNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE: DOSIMETRY AND RADIOBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasyl I. Yoschenko ◽  
Valery A. Kashparov ◽  
Maxim D. Melnychuk ◽  
Svjatoslav E. Levchuk ◽  
Yulia O. Bondar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Chronic Irradiation ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Radiobiological Effects

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, including 11 new species from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chang ◽  
T.A. Duong ◽  
S.J. Taerum ◽  
M.J. Wingfield ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Invasion History ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Fungal Assemblages ◽  
China And Japan

Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) is a spruce-infesting bark beetle that occurs throughout Europe and Asia. The beetle can cause considerable damage, especially when colonized trees are stressed and beetle populations increase. Although some studies have shown that populations of I. typographus in Europe, China and Japan are genetically distinct, these populations are biologically similar, including a strong association with ophiostomatoid fungi. To date, only two Leptographium spp. have been reported from the beetle in China, while 40 species have been reported from Europe and 13 from Japan. The aims of this study were to identify the ophiostomatoid fungal associates of I. typographus in north-eastern China, and to determine whether the fungal assemblages reflect the different geographical populations of the beetle. Field surveys in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces yielded a total of 1046 fungal isolates from 145 beetles and 178 galleries. Isolates were grouped based on morphology and representatives of each group were identified using DNA sequences of the ribosomal LSU, ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and elongation factor 1-α gene regions. A total of 23 species of ophiostomatoid fungi were identified, including 12 previously described species and 11 novel species, all of which are described here. The dominant species were Ophiostoma bicolor, Leptographium taigense and Grosmannia piceiperda D, representing 40.5 %, 27.8 % and 17.8 % of the isolates, respectively. Comparisons of species from China, Europe and Japan are complicated by the fact that some of the European and all the Japanese species were identified based only on morphology. However, assuming that those identifications are correct, five species were shared between Europe, Japan and China, two species were shared between China and Japan, five between Europe and China, and two between Europe and Japan. Consequently, Ips typographus populations in these different geographic areas have different fungal assemblages, suggesting that the majority of these beetle-associations are promiscuous. The results also suggested that the symbionts of the bark beetle do not reflect the population structures of the beetle. The use of fungal symbiont assemblages to infer population structures and invasion history of its vectors should thus be interpreted with circumspection.

scholarly journals Effects of pruning on heartwood formation in Scots pine trees

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
B. Bergström ◽  
R. Gref ◽  
A. Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Proportional Increase

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of pruning on heartwood formation in mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees. Fifty trees were treated by three different intensive pruning regimes: 42, 60 and 70 percentage of defoliation. After five growing seasons numbers of growth rings were counted and the width and the area of sapwood and heartwood were calculated. The results did not show any proportional increase or decrease in the heartwood area or in the number of growth rings in heartwood associated with the pruning. A statistically significant negative effect of pruning was found on the width of the five most recently formed sapwood growth rings. This decreased growth rate did not influence the ratio of sapwood and heartwood. However, it cannot be excluded that the proportion of heartwood may increase during a longer period. It is concluded that pruning is not a practicable silvicultural method for regulating heartwood formation in mature Scots pine trees.

scholarly journals The fauna of cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine trees declined after spells of drought in 2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 334-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Foit
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Longhorn Beetles ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Steep Slopes

The paper deals with cambioxylophagous insects on Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) trees. Research was conducted in forest stands growing on steep slopes on the left bank of the Otava River about 1 km north of Písek. These are nearly unmanaged stands of a special-purpose function with the natural occurrence of Scots pine. In total, twenty standing trees at 60 to 160 years of age that died after the spell of drought in 2003 were analysed. The composition of the community of cambioxylophagous insects was recorded in detail. The frequencies of occurrence of particular insect species were determined. In total, 34 species of cambioxylophagous insects were recorded. The order Coleoptera was quite a dominant group and within the order bark beetles (Scolytidae) and longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) prevailed. The median of the species developing on one tree was 11. <i>Tomicus piniperda</i> (L.) was markedly the most frequent species with the frequency of occurrence 90%. Based on the composition of the communities of cambioxylophagous insects the potential importance of the insect in the decline of the analysed Scots pine trees was evaluated. Cambioxylophagous insects probably played a secondary role there.

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