Reference Values for External and Internal Load Monitoring in Female Soccer Players: A Systematic Review

Training intensity monitoring is a daily practice in soccer which allows soccer academies to assess the efficacy of its developmental interventions and management strategies. The current systematic review’s purpose is to: (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined external and internal training intensity monitoring, and to (2) provide references values for the main measures for young male soccer players. A systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 2404 studies initially identified, 8 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. From them, the following range intervals were found for training: rated perceived exertion (RPE) 2.3–6.3 au; session-RPE, 156–394 au; total distance, 3964.5–6500 m and; distance >18 km/h, 11.8–250 m. Additionally, a general tendency to decrease the intensity in the day before the match was Found. This study allowed to provide reference values of professional young male players for the main internal and external measures. All together, they can be used by coaches, their staff, or practitioners in order to better adjust training intensity.

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Intra-Individual and Seasonal Variation of Selected Biomarkers for Internal Load Monitoring in U-19 Soccer Players

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2020.00838 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Manuel Becker ◽

Billy Sperlich ◽

Christoph Zinner ◽

Silvia Achtzehn

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Load Monitoring

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Internal load in elite young soccer players during a whole season according to playing positions

International Journal of Physical Education Fitness and Sports ◽

10.26524/ijpefs1844 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 36-41

Author(s):

Daniel Castillo ◽

Javier Raya-González

Keyword(s):

Global Positioning System ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Positioning System ◽

Internal Load ◽

Match Play ◽

Weekly Training ◽

Global Positioning ◽

Load Monitoring

The aims of this study were 1) to compare the internal load, measured as session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), between training sessions and official matches among playing positions in young elite soccer players and 2) to analyze the s-RPE association between training and official match-play. Nineteen young elite soccer players who competed in the Spanish First Division Under-19 Championship participated in this study. Internal load was registered during 120 training sessions and during 30 official matches. Only the players who participated in all the weekly sessions and played at least 70 min were included in the further analysis. No significant differences (P > 0.05, ES = -0.57/0.62) among playing positions were found in the s-RPE registered by soccer players in training sessions, official matches nor in the total sessions. On the other side, higher s-RPE was observed during trainings in comparison to matches in each playing position (P < 0.001, ES = 5.51-30.77). However, no association was observed between training s-RPE and match s-RPE for the whole of the players (P = 0.60, r = 0.04), nor for each specific playing positions (P = 0.29-0.89, r = -0.11/0.16). These findings could be useful for coaches in order to plan the distribution of the weekly training load. Nonetheless, it is also suggested that internal load monitoring cannot be confidently used, in isolation, as a tool to detect differences in the match-play demands, attending to playing positions, in young soccer players. Thus, the use of both internal (i.e., s-RPE) and external (i.e., global positioning system measures) load is suggested to manage the training and match load and to prescribe the training sessions appropriately.

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The Role of Veracity on the Load Monitoring of Professional Soccer Players: A Systematic Review in the Face of the Big Data Era

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6479

Author(s):

João Gustavo Claudino ◽

Carlos Alberto Cardoso Filho ◽

Daniel Boullosa ◽

Adriano Lima-Alves ◽

Gustavo Rejano Carrion ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Big Data ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Monitoring Tools ◽

Load Monitoring ◽

The Face ◽

Real Value

Big Data has real value when the veracity of the collected data has been previously identified. However, data veracity for load monitoring in professional soccer players has not been analyzed yet. This systematic review aims to evaluate the current evidence from the scientific literature related to data veracity for load monitoring in professional soccer. Systematic searches through the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted for reports onthe data veracity of diverse load monitoring tools and the associated parameters used in professional soccer. Ninety-four studies were finally included in the review, with 39 different tools used and 578 associated parameters identified. The pooled sample consisted of 2066 footballers (95% male: 24 ± 3 years and 5% female: 24 ± 1 years). Seventy-three percent of these studies did not report veracity metrics for anyof the parameters from these tools. Thus, data veracity was found for 54% of tools and 23% of parameters. The current information will assist in the selection of the most appropriate tools and parameters to be used for load monitoring with traditional and Big Data approaches while identifying those still requiring the analysis of their veracity metrics or their improvement to acceptable veracity levels.

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Load Measures in Training/Match Monitoring in Soccer: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2721

Author(s):

Mauro Miguel ◽

Rafael Oliveira ◽

Nuno Loureiro ◽

Javier García-Rubio ◽

Sergio J. Ibáñez

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

External Load ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Electronic Database ◽

Huge Number ◽

Internal Load ◽

Load Monitoring ◽

Meta Analyses

In soccer, the assessment of the load imposed by training and a match is recognized as a fundamental task at any competitive level. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on internal and external load monitoring during training and/or a match, identifying the measures used. In addition, we wish to make recommendations that make it possible to standardize the classification and use of the different measures. The systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted through the electronic database Web of Science, using the keywords “soccer” and “football”, each one with the terms “internal load”, “external load”, and “workload”. Of the 1223 studies initially identified, 82 were thoroughly analyzed and are part of this systematic review. Of these, 25 articles only report internal load data, 20 report only external load data, and 37 studies report both internal and external load measures. There is a huge number of load measures, which requires that soccer coaches select and focus their attention on the most useful and specific measures. Standardizing the classification of the different measures is vital in the organization of this task, as well as when it is intended to compare the results obtained in different investigations.

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Factors Influencing Creatine Kinase Response in Youth National Team Soccer Players

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738121999387 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194173812199938

Author(s):

Gabor Schuth ◽

Gyorgy Szigeti ◽

Gergely Dobreff ◽

Peter Revisnyei ◽

Alija Pasic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Internal Load ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

National Team ◽

Weekly Training ◽

The Relationship

Background: Previous studies have examined the relationship between external training load and creatine kinase (CK) response after soccer matches in adults. This study aimed to build training- and match-specific CK prediction models for elite youth national team soccer players. Hypothesis: Training and match load will have different effects on the CK response of elite youth soccer players, and there will be position-specific differences in the most influential external and internal load parameters on the CK response. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Forty-one U16-U17 youth national team soccer players were measured over an 18-month period. Training and match load were monitored with global positioning system devices. Individual CK values were measured from whole blood every morning in training camps. The dataset consisted of 1563 data points. Clustered prediction models were used to examine the relationship between external/internal load and consecutive CK changes. Clusters were built based on the playing position and activity type. The performance of the linear regression models was described by the R2 and the root-mean-square error (RMSE, U/L for CK values). Results: The prediction models fitted similarly during games and training sessions ( R2 = 0.38-0.88 vs 0.6-0.77), but there were large differences based on playing positions. In contrast, the accuracy of the models was better during training sessions (RMSE = 81-135 vs 79-209 U/L). Position-specific differences were also found in the external and internal load parameters, which best explained the CK changes. Conclusion: The relationship between external/internal load parameters and CK changes are position specific and might depend on the type of session (training or match). Morning CK values also contributed to the next day’s CK values. Clinical Relevance: The relationship between position-specific external/internal load and CK changes can be used to individualize postmatch recovery strategies and weekly training periodization with a view to optimize match performance.

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Session-to-session variations of internal load during different small-sided games: a study in professional soccer players

Research in Sports Medicine ◽

10.1080/15438627.2021.1888103 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Saeid Younesi ◽

Alireza Rabbani ◽

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Hugo Sarmento ◽

António Figueiredo

Keyword(s):

Soccer Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Professional Soccer

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Motor Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports9040053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Maryam Abarghoueinejad ◽

Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones ◽

Thayse Natacha Gomes ◽

Daniel Barreira ◽

José Maia

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Longitudinal Data ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Male Youth ◽

European Continent ◽

Young Males ◽

Performance Improvements ◽

And Training

The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the available information regarding longitudinal data addressing young soccer players’ motor performance changes. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, literature searches were performed in three databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Science and SCOPUS. The following descriptors were used: football, soccer, youth, young, player, athlete, physical performance, motor performance, longitudinal. The inclusion criteria were original articles in English with longitudinal data of young males (aged 10–18 years), with the aim to investigate motor performance serial changes. The initial search returned 211 records, and the final sample comprised 32 papers. These papers covered the European continent, and used mixed and pure longitudinal design with variation in sample size and age range. The reviewed studies tended to use different tests to assess the motor performance and aimed to identify changes in motor performance in several ways. In general, they indicated motor performance improvements with age, with a marked influence of biological maturity, body composition, and training stimuli. This review highlights the need for coaches and stakeholders to consider players’ motor performance over time whilst considering biological maturation, biological characteristics, and training stimuli.

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