The Trend of Land Inequality: A Case Study in Assam Since 1970 to 2020

doi:10.37896/sr8.7/038

Distribusi Penguasaan dan Pemilikan Tanah Pertanian di Desa Nglegok, Kabupaten Karanganyar

Tunas Agraria ◽

10.31292/jta.v3i2.111 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 101-121

Author(s):

Jefri Bangkit Angkoso ◽

Ahmad Nashih Luthfi ◽

Sudibyanung Sudibyanung

Keyword(s):

Land Tenure ◽

Gini Index ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Total Sample ◽

Land Ownership ◽

Study Strategies ◽

Farm Families ◽

Land Inequality ◽

On Farm

Abstract: There is inequality for land tenure and land ownership in Indonesia in recent decades. The Gini Index can be used to see the level of inequality in the distribution of land tenure and land ownership. The purpose of this research is to determine the distribution of land tenure and land ownership of agricultural land, the level of inequality, and the influencing factors. This research uses qualitative methods with case study strategies. The results of this study are in Ngungkal, in the largest class of land tenure and land ownership, 13.875 m² of agricultural land is only owned by 1 farmer family (0.59% of the total sample). In the smallest class, 13.766 m² of agricultural land is owned by 126 farmer families (11.30% of the total sample). In the largest class of land tenure and land ownership in Talok, 5.532 m² of agricultural land is owned by 1 farmer family (1,89% of the total sample), while on the smallest class 7.583 m² of agricultural land is owned by 29 farmer families (22,64% of the total sample). Gini Index in land tenure and land ownership of agricultural land in Ngungkal and Talok is high, namely 0.72 in Ngungkal and 0.52 in Talok. The small size of agricultural land owned by farmer families due to land fragmentation through legal actions in the form of buying and selling and grants, as well as legal events in the form of inheritance. Fragmentation of agricultural land in Nglegok Village causes the “gurem” effect on farm families, where the size of agricultural land which is initially small becomes even smaller.Keywords: agricultural land, inequality, gini index, gurem. Intisari: Ketimpangan penguasaan dan pemilikan terjadi di Indonesia dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Indeks Gini dapat digunakan untuk melihat tingkat ketimpangan distribusi penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah di suatu wilayah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah pertanian, tingkat ketimpangannya dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan strategi studi kasus. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah di Dusun Ngungkal, di kelas terbesar penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah, 13.875 m² lahan pertanian hanya dimiliki oleh 1 keluarga petani (0,59% dari total sampel). Di kelas terkecil, 13.766 m² tanah pertanian dimiliki oleh 126 keluarga petani (11,30% dari total sampel). Di kelas terbesar kepemilikan tanah dan kepemilikan tanah di Dusun Talok, 5.532 m² tanah pertanian dimiliki oleh 1 keluarga petani (1,89% dari total sampel), sedangkan pada kelas terkecil, tanah pertanian seluas 7.583 m² dimiliki oleh 29 keluarga petani (22,64% dari total sampel). Indeks Gini penguasaan dan pemilikan tanah pertanian di Ngungkal dan Talok tergolong tinggi, yaitu 0,72 di Ngungkal dan 0,52 di Talok. Kecilnya luas tanah pertanian yang dimiliki kepala pertani akibat adanya fragmentasi tanah melalui perbuatan hukum berupa jual beli dan hibah, serta peristiwa hukum berupa pewarisan. Fragmentasi tanah pertanian di Desa Nglegok menyebabkan efek guremisasi pada keluarga petani, dimana luas tanah pertanian yang pada awalnya sudah kecil menjadi semakin kecil lagi.Kata kunci: tanah pertanian, ketimpangan, indeks gini, gurem.

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The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x13009850 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 102-129

Author(s):

ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽

EUDALD CORTINA ORERO

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

El Salvador ◽

Early Years ◽

Left Wing ◽

Internal Dynamics ◽

Internal Coherence ◽

The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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Culture and the plasticity of perception

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002887 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Lifshitz ◽

T. M. Luhrmann

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Sensory Experience ◽

Cultural Learning ◽

The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

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Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19000451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Povinelli ◽

Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽

Shannon L. Kuznar ◽

Mateja Pavlic

Keyword(s):

Temporal Reasoning ◽

Higher Order ◽

Important Case ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Relational Reasoning ◽

Dual Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

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Sociocultural memory development research drives new directions in gadgetry science

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19000979 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Penny Van Bergen ◽

John Sutton

Keyword(s):

Episodic Memory ◽

Autobiographical Memory ◽

Developmental Psychology ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Memory Development ◽

Development Research ◽

Cultural Research ◽

New Directions ◽

Cross Cultural Research

Abstract Sociocultural developmental psychology can drive new directions in gadgetry science. We use autobiographical memory, a compound capacity incorporating episodic memory, as a case study. Autobiographical memory emerges late in development, supported by interactions with parents. Intervention research highlights the causal influence of these interactions, whereas cross-cultural research demonstrates culturally determined diversity. Different patterns of inheritance are discussed.

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Construction of plastic contact deformation maps on ceramics: a case study on aluminum nitride

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165641 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 636-637

Author(s):

D. L. Callahan

Keyword(s):

Plastic Deformation ◽

Aluminum Nitride ◽

Mechanical Response ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Bright Field Image ◽

Perfectly Plastic ◽

Contrast Analysis ◽

Deformation Patterns

Modern polishing, precision machining and microindentation techniques allow the processing and mechanical characterization of ceramics at nanometric scales and within entirely plastic deformation regimes. The mechanical response of most ceramics to such highly constrained contact is not predictable from macroscopic properties and the microstructural deformation patterns have proven difficult to characterize by the application of any individual technique. In this study, TEM techniques of contrast analysis and CBED are combined with stereographic analysis to construct a three-dimensional microstructure deformation map of the surface of a perfectly plastic microindentation on macroscopically brittle aluminum nitride.The bright field image in Figure 1 shows a lg Vickers microindentation contained within a single AlN grain far from any boundaries. High densities of dislocations are evident, particularly near facet edges but are not individually resolvable. The prominent bend contours also indicate the severity of plastic deformation. Figure 2 is a selected area diffraction pattern covering the entire indentation area.

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