scholarly journals Representatives in a Changing World : Characteristics of Urban Advocacy at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
István H. Németh
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
State Administration ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
Strong System ◽  
Selection Of

The Kingdom of Hungary had a strong system of estates within the Habsburg Monarchy, and this exerted a significant influence on the positions of free royal cities. The free royal cities enjoyed a large degree of internal autonomy until roughly the end of the seventeenth century, with little oversight or interference by the larger state. Since 1526, the cities had been members of the estates which had taken part in the Diets (the parliaments which could be regarded as the early modern form of the Hungarian), though they had played a minor role in comparison to the counties. In the last third of the seventeenth century, the system of estates underwent significant changes. The royal state came to exert more control, and in the free royal cities, the central administration began to play a stronger role as a force for oversight. The interests of the state administration now played an important role in the selection of the city’s leaders. The delegates who represented the cities in the Diets were also chosen according to these considerations. The local bodies of state administration were given major say in the selection of the representatives. As a consequence of this, delegates began to be chosen who were from different social backgrounds, including people who had different places within the system of the estates. While earlier, the individuals who had been sent to take part in the Diets had been members of the Lutheran bourgeois elite, from roughly the late seventeenth century onwards, members of the nobility living in the cities began to play an increasingly influential role. Many of the delegates from the city of Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) who will be discussed in the analysis below came from families of non-noble origins which, however, had been granted nobility as a reward for the services they had performed in the chamber administration. The career paths for members of these families led either to administrative bodies in the city or back into state administration.

Editorial

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Martin Van Bruinessen
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
The Status ◽  
A Minor ◽  
West European

The travellers, diplomats, missionaries and academics who have written on the Kurds have always shown a remarkable fascination with the Yezidis. The great Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, who in the mid-seventeenth century wrote so extensively on diverse aspects of Kurdish culture, social life and political organisation that he may well be called the first Kurdologist, was also one of the first to write some tantalising observations on customs and practices of the Yezidis he encountered. He also reports in some detail on two punitive campaigns mounted by Ottoman governors against the Yezidis of Sinjar, in one of which he played a minor role himself. Christian missionaries based in Kurdistan were drawn to the Yezidis as the major non-Muslim and non-Christian community and fascinated by what they understood of its elusive theology. Two of the founders of West European academic Kurdology, C. J. Edmonds and Roger Lescot, devoted some of their major work to the Yezidis, and most Kurdish experts have felt the need to pay due attention to the Yezidi religion. Several of the ideologists of Kurdish nationalism, finally, have elevated the Yezidis to the status of most authentic Kurds. For more has been written about the Yezidis and their religion than about the religious practices and institutions of the Muslim Kurds, reflecting a bias among both foreign academics and secular Kurdish nationalists.

scholarly journals Gross karyotypic change and evolution in North American cyprinid fishes

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Gold ◽  
W. D. Womac ◽  
F. H. Deal ◽  
J. A. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Gene Rearrangement ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Cyprinid Fishes ◽  
Karyotypic Change ◽  
A Minor

SUMMARYWe have examined karyotypes of five species from five genera of cyprinid fishes endemic to the central and southeastern United States: Campostoma anomalum, Hybognathus hayi, Hybopsis aestivalis, Phenacobius mirabilis, and Pimephales vigilax. All five have a diploid chromosome number of 50. Variation in chromosome arm number among the five species is slight, and may be due to measurement error or technique difficulties. The karyotypes of 40 North American cyprinids are now known. All but five species have 50 (diploid) chromosomes. Variation in chromosome arm number also appears minimal; one-armed chromosomes (centromeres subterminal to terminal) normally comprise only a small fraction of the karyotype, and each species has roughly the same number of chromosomes with median and submedian centromeres. The conservatism of gross chromosomal evolution among these fishes is not in accord with recent hypotheses which suggest that progressive evolution of organisms may depend to a large degree on gene rearrangement brought about by gross chromosomal restructuring. Cyprinids are a highly speciose group in North America, and there is relatively strong morphological differentiation among species. The present data suggest that gross chromosomal restructuring may play only a minor role in the speciation and evolution of these fishes.

scholarly journals Storm Surge Ensemble Prediction for the City of Venice

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Mel ◽  
Piero Lionello
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Northern Adriatic Sea ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Ensemble Prediction System ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City

Abstract Sea level (SL) forecast for the city of Venice, Italy, is of paramount importance for the management and maintenance of this historical city and for operating the movable barriers that are presently being built for its protection. In this paper, an ensemble prediction system (EPS; based on an ensemble of 50 simulations) for operational forecasting of storm surge in the northern Adriatic Sea is presented and applied to 10 relatively high storm surge events that occurred in the year 2010. It is shown that storm surge peaks correspond to the maxima of uncertainty (as described by the spread of the EPS members), which increases linearly with the forecast range. Further, the uncertainty in storm surge level is shown to be linked to the uncertainty of the forcing meteorological fields. The quasi-linear dynamics of the storm surges plays a minor role in the evolution of uncertainty, except it produces its oscillation with a period associated with that of the 11-h seiche of the basin. The error of the ensemble mean forecast (EMF) is correlated with the EPS spread. For these cases, the EMF accuracy is very close to that of the high-resolution deterministic forecast (DF) and is more robust than the DF (meaning that its error is consistently smaller than the error of the DF, as the lead time of the forecast varies).

scholarly journals Manufacturers and Industrial Development Policy in Hamilton, 1890-1910

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana J. Middleton ◽  
David F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
City Council ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The City

After failing to establish Hamilton as a major wholesaling centre, businessmen in the city concentrated their attentions increasingly on the manufacturing sector. City Council policies were extremely supportive of this focus, particularly in the period from 1890 to 1910, which is examined in this paper. Manufacturers themselves, however, are shown to have played a minor role in Council's activities. None of the key figures in promoting pro-development policies in Hamilton were manufacturers, despite the fact that those policies were designed primarily to stimulate manufacturing. At the forefront, rather, were professional men with business interests, supported mainly by merchants.

scholarly journals 3D numerical MHD modeling of sunspots with radiation transport

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S273) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Transport ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Radial Extent ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Horizontal Pressure ◽  
Mhd Modeling ◽  
A Minor

AbstractSunspot fine structure has been modeled in the past by a combination of idealized magneto-convection simulations and simplified models that prescribe the magnetic field and flow structure to a large degree. Advancement in numerical methods and computing power has enabled recently 3D radiative MHD simulations of entire sunspots with sufficient resolution to address details of umbral dots and penumbral filaments. After a brief review of recent developments we focus on the magneto-convective processes responsible for the complicated magnetic structure of the penumbra and the mechanisms leading to the driving of strong horizontal outflows in the penumbra (Evershed effect). The bulk of energy and mass is transported on scales smaller than the radial extent of the penumbra. Strong horizontal outflows in the sunspot penumbra result from a redistribution of kinetic energy preferring flows along the filaments. This redistribution is facilitated primarily through the Lorentz force, while horizontal pressure gradients play only a minor role. The Evershed flow is strongly magnetized: While we see a strong reduction of the vertical field, the horizontal field component is enhanced within filaments.

The Byzantine Panoplia Tradition and Greek Qur'an Translation in the Latin West

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Christian Høgel
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Greek Translation ◽  
Latin West ◽  
Late Ninth Century ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Selection Of

Byzantium has played only a minor role, if any at all, in the Western appropriation of knowledge on Islam. One exception to this is the Panoplia dogmatike by Eustathios Zigabenos, active under and working on the commission of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118). The Panoplia dogmatike (‘Dogmatic Armoury’) was a most imperial text, designed to support the emperor's fight against heretics. The text carried not only standard Byzantine views about Islam, but also, in almost documentary style, quotations from the Qur'an that originated from a Greek translation used by Niketas Byzantios (working in the 860's and 870's) and Evodios (late ninth century). In the Latin translation of the Panoplia dogmatike by Pier Zini in 1555 a selection of Qur'anic quotations, accompanied with Byzantine comments, were made available to Latin readers.

scholarly journals Spatial expansion pattern of black cherry Padus serotina Ehrh. in suburban zone of Białystok (NE Poland)

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Dan Wołkowycki ◽  
Paweł Próchnicki
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Natural Protected Areas ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
Expansion Pattern ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract The object of the study is the distribution and spatial pattern of black cherry Padus serotina Ehrh. population and the impact of landscape structure on the expansion of this alien species in the suburban zone of the city, where the land-use has rapidly been transforming recently. The population of black cherry expands centrifugally, spreading from fringes of the city to outer zones of the agglomeration with more agricultural character. Individuals of P. serotina are distributed in clusters in this area. The maximum observed population density reaches 371/ha (mean 11.3/ha for colonized plots). The main factor influencing the landscape invasibility is cessation of agriculture. Although the first sources of spread of P. serotina are localities in forests, where 46% of the total number of individuals are concentrated, nevertheless, the largest group of juveniles (48%) was found on abandoned farmlands. Over 90% of all youngest individuals were recorded at a distance of up to 100 m from older ones. Chances of isolated occurrence are small and the probability of the colonization is strongly dependent on the occupation of adjacent areas by the species. Black cherry disperses, primarily, according to a spatial pattern of phalanxes, by occupying areas immediately adjacent to places previously colonized and then filling the available habitats. Long-distance dispersal seems to play a minor role for its expansion. Autocorrelation and diffusion models of spread should be taken into account in preventing further expansion of black cherry and planning conservation measures in natural protected areas.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

Produktivkraft als Versprechen

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (185) ◽  
pp. 621-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Siefkes
Keyword(s):  
Private Consumption ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
A Minor

The ‘Fragment on Machines’ from Marx’s Grundrisse is often cited as an argument that the internal forces of capitalism will lead to its doom. But the argument that the progressive reduction of labor must doom capitalism lacks a proper foundation, as a comparison with the ‘Schemes of Reproduction’ given in Capital II shows. The latter, however, aren’t fully convincing either. In reality, more depends on the private consumption of capitalists than either model recognizes. Ultimately, most can be made of the ‘Fragment on Machines’ by reading it not as an exposure of capitalism’s internal contractions, but as a discussion of a possible communist future where labor (or work) will play but a minor role.

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