Total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin a levels in Turkish wheat flour

In this study, fungal contamination was determined as well as total aflatoxin B1(AB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenon (ZEA) levels in corn-based feed samples obtained from four different farms in Serbia (n=35) during one year. Mycotoxins were detected in feed using the VICAM fluorometric method. It was determined that 97.14% of all samples were contaminated with moulds which belonged to following genera: Absidia, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Eurotium, Fusarium, Mucor, Mortierella, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Scopulariopsis, Syncephalastrum, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and Wallrothiella. A total of 58 different species were identified. Total mould count per 1 g ranged from 1.00 log cfu/g (dried corn silage - autumn, fresh corn silage - summer and corn grain silage - spring) to 7.32 log cfu/g (dried corn silage - winter). Mycotoxins were isolated from 28.5% of samples: ZEA was found in summer (220-240 ?g/kg) and in spring (240 ?g/kg) in concentrate samples; OTA was detected in winter in dried corn silage (16 ?g/kg) and in spring (12 ?g/kg); all samples were AB1 free.

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Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2021-0056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 653-664

Author(s):

Grażyna Kowalska ◽

Radosław Kowalski

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Maximum Allowable Concentration ◽

Commercial Products ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Rye Flour ◽

Three Samples ◽

Aflatoxin B2

Abstract The objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).

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Impact of maximum levels in European legislation on exposure of mycotoxins in dried products: Case of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in nuts and dried fruits

Food and Chemical Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.021 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 75 ◽

pp. 112-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Evelien Van de Perre ◽

Liesbeth Jacxsens ◽

Carl Lachat ◽

Fouad El Tahan ◽

Bruno De Meulenaer

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Dried Fruits ◽

European Legislation

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MYCOTOXINS AND TOXIN-PRODUCING MICROSCOPIC FUNGI IN COTTON-SEED CAKE FROM TAJIKISTAN

Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology ◽

10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201901005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

G. P. Kononenko ◽

◽

E. A. Piryazeva ◽

E. V. Zotova ◽

Sh. I. Razokov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Cotton Seed ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Microscopic Fungi ◽

Seed Cake ◽

Complex Study ◽

The Republic ◽

Toxin Formation

The article presents the results of complex study of cotton-seed cake from the Republic of Tajikistan, including the determination of content of mycotoxins, the analysis of exposure to microscopic fungi and the assessment of the potential of their toxin formation. The ability to produce mycotoxins was established for 11 species of micromycetes belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Scop-ulariopsis, and Trichothecium. Alternariol, zearalenone, fu-monisins, aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, citrinin and emodin were found in the composition of the cotton-seed cake. Prospects for further research and the practical significance of the results are discussed.

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Mycotoxins in Tea: Occurrence, Methods of Determination and Risk Evaluation

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10110444 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 444 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Irina Sedova ◽

Mariya Kiseleva ◽

Victor Tutelyan

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Black Tea ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Protection Measures ◽

Commodity Production ◽

Exposure Estimate ◽

Contamination Levels ◽

Public Health Protection

Tea is one of the most popular beverages all over the world. Being an everyday drink for almost everyone, for centuries tea was considered safe and healthy. However, fungal contamination of tea at any stage of commodity production can pose a serious health hazard due to the accumulation of toxic secondary metabolites of moulds. Contemporary research revealed incidences of highly contaminated samples. Mycotoxin transfer from naturally contaminated raw tea into beverage was well studied for ochratoxin A only, and the possible leak of other mycotoxins is discussed. The results of several surveys were combined to evaluate aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination levels in black tea and Pu-erh. Exposure estimate to aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A due to tea consumption was carried out based on these data. Average contamination level corresponds to the exposure of 3–40% (aflatoxin B1) and 5–24% (ochratoxin A) of mean overall estimates for different cluster diets. Lack of data does not allow the conclusion for the necessity of public health protection measures. It is necessary to perform representative studies of different kinds of tea for regulated mycotoxins at least. Contemporary techniques for analysis of mycotoxins in tea are summarised in the present review.

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Application of carboxypeptidase A to a baking process to mitigate contamination of wheat flour by ochratoxin A

Process Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 248-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Larine Kupski ◽

Maria Isabel Queiroz ◽

Eliana Badiale-Furlong

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Wheat Flour ◽

Carboxypeptidase A ◽

Baking Process

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Changes in Fungal Population and Aflatoxin Levels and Assessment of Major Aflatoxin Types in Stored Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus)

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v2n5p10 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

John Maina Wagacha ◽

Charity K. Mutegi ◽

Maria E. Christie ◽

Lucy W. Karanja ◽

Job Kimani

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Fungal Population ◽

Total Aflatoxin ◽

Regulatory Standards ◽

Polyethylene Bags ◽

Jute Bags ◽

The Eu

Peanut kernels of Homabay Local, Valencia Red, ICGV-SM 12991 and ICGV-SM 99568 cultivars were stored for six months in jute, polypropylene and polyethylene bags to assess the effect of storage bags, temperature and R.H. on fungal population and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture content (M.C.), fungal population and aflatoxin levels were determined before storage and after every 30 days during storage. Isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were assayed for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The correlation between MC, population of A. flavus and A. parasiticus and aflatoxin levels in peanuts was also determined. Six fungal pathogens were commonly isolated from the peanut samples and occurred as follows in decreasing order: Penicillium spp. (106.6 CFU/g), A. flavus L-strain (4.8 CFU/g), A. flavus S-strain (2.9 CFU/g), A. niger (2.6 CFU/g), A. parasiticus (1.7 CFU/g) and A. tamarii (0.2 CFU/g). The overall population of A. flavus L-strain was 66% higher than that of A. flavus S-strain. Ninety one percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the four aflatoxin types assayed, with 36% producing aflatoxin B1. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 - 47.8 µg/kg with samples stored in polyethylene and jute bags being the most and least contaminated, respectively. Eighty nine percent and 97% of the peanut samples met the EU (? 4 µg/kg) and Kenyan (? 10 µg/kg) regulatory standards for total aflatoxin, respectively. Peanuts should be adequately dried to safe moisture level and immediately packaged in a container - preferably jute bags - which will not promote critical increases in fungal population and aflatoxin contamination.

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