BACKGROUND CONTENT OF TECHNOGENIC AND NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DETOXIFYING AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

For correctly assess the effectiveness and safety of the use of sorption-detoxifying agents and feed additives intended for animals receiving feed with an excess content of toxicants, it is necessary to take into account the background levels of radionuclides, toxic elements, pesticides and other technogenic and natural pollutants in the studied substances. The need for such studies is due both to the existence of areas with a naturally elevated level of natural toxicants in the sources of raw materials for the production of additives and drugs, and to the increasing anthropogenic influence, accompanied by the entry of xenobiotics into environmental objects. In series of radiometric studies, the specific activity of technogenic and natural radioactive isotopes (90Sr, 137Cs, 40К, 226Ra, 232Th) in a number of sorption-detoxifying and biologically active substances and preparations used in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine as part of feed additives and pharmacological agents was determined. It was found that in 43% of the studied samples, the level of specific activity of 1,1Sr in 3-90 times higher than allowed by the current standards. The maximum level of 90Sr, equal to (137±9) Bq/kg, was detected in perlite. The specific activity of 137Cs did not exceed the permissible level: in mineral sorbents its amount reached (40±7) Bq/kg, in organic and complex sorbents – (24±4), and in feed additives – (29±8) Bq/kg. The maximum levels of 40K were (1429±83) Bq/ kg in minerals (radionite) and (2613±100) Bq/kg in organic substances (lignohumate). The levels of 226Ra and 232Th did not exceed (153±13) and (79±13) Bq/kg, respectively, and were higher in the mineral samples.

VETERINARY AND SANITARY CHARACTERISTICS AND COURSE OF DISEASE OF REARED FISH IN A FISH FARM QUARANTINED FOR AEROMONOSIS AND INFLAMMATION OF THE SWIM BLADDER

The article reviews the diseases of cyprinid fish in the farm quarantined for aeromonosis and inflammation of the swim bladder. The etiology and symptoms of the disease are considered, and the pathoanatomical changes in fish. Modern methods of control and treatment of each age category of reared objects are considered. Preventive therapeutic feeding of farmed fish, vaccination, summer drying of ponds are offered. A veterinary and sanitary assessment of the farmed fish is given. Sick fish, if it has not lost its marketable appearance and meets the nutritional qualities, are allowed to eat people without restrictions. Non-market fish is sent to feed farm animals, poultry, fur-bearing animals in a boiled form or processed into fish flour. It is recommended to pay more attention to ecological methods of combating fish diseases – the use of polyculture for the effective production of marketable products (marketable fish); to increase the non-specific resistance of fish with probiotics; to use immunological methods, such as vaccination.

VETERINARY AND SANITARY ASSESSMENT AND METHODS OF DECONTAMINATION OF FOOD RAW MATERIALS, THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE CLUSTER PRODUCTION OF RABBIT PRODUCTS

Based on the analysis of extensive and intensive indicators of the epizootic process, identification of general patterns of development of polyvid biofilms of microorganisms of various systematic groups, the effectiveness of methods for decontamination of food raw materials and the environment during the cluster production of rabbit breeding products is scientifically justified and experimentally confirmed. The main goal is creation of comprehensive antiepizootic measures for effective of production sphere and preserving the ecological balance of nature during the complex processing of agricultural raw materials, the most complete extraction of valuable components from it, recycling of production waste. For the prevention of infectious diseases of rabbits with the involvement in the economic turnover of secondary raw materials and waste of the rabbit breeding complex in order to reduce waste and production losses, it is advisable to develop processes for obtaining new types of products and additives that improve the nutritional and biological value; improve technologies for the production of full-fledged, enriched with useful components of feed; develop technological processes for the production of technical products from waste; development of technical means and processes that ensure the reduction of emissions and their conversion to environmentally friendly forms, intensification of the degree of wastewater treatment. Scientific substantiation of the effectiveness of the methodology of epizootic monitoring of infectious pathology of animals in the future will allow optimizing the schemes of microbiological studies and developing comprehensive anti-epizootic measures in the cluster production of rabbit breeding products.

DETERMINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL EXPRESS METHOD FOR DETECTING FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS IN RAW MATERIALS OF MEAT USING THE TEST CULTURE BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS

The article presents the results obtained during experiments to determine the sensitivity of the method according to GOST R 55481-2013 to antibiotics from the group of fluoroquinolones. GOST provides detection limits for such antibiotics as augmentin – 25.0 mcg/kg, benzylpenicillin – 4.0 mcg/kg, doxycycline – 10.0 mcg/ kg, cefazolin – 25.0 mcg/kg. Today, we are familiar with a wide range of different antimicrobial drugs used in animal husbandry, including an extensive group of drugs such as levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, marbocin, marfloxin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and others related to fluoroquinolones. We experimentally determined the sensitivity parameters for enrofloxacin – 24 mcg/l, levofloxacin – 26 mcg/l, ciprofloxacin – 24 mcg/l, marbofloxacin – 25 mcg/l.

TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS

The article presents materials on the toxicological and biological safety of livestock products: contaminants of various natures that contaminate raw materials and food products (microorganisms, viruses, mycotoxins, parasites, heavy metals, etc.) are presented. To ensure biological and toxicological safety of livestock products and public health, the implementation of legislation, as well as decisions of the President of the Russian Federation, it is proposed to provide the development of a national innovative system for protecting animal health from the negative effects of pathogens and toxicants, including: conducting research on the development of fundamental foundations for the protection of animal health from the negative impact of ecotoxicants and veterinary and sanitary welfare, improvement of regulatory and legislative documents on the organization of quality control and safety of raw materials and food products; restoration of the procedure for state registration of diagnostic test systems, disinfectants, insectoacaricides and rodenticides; creation of the State Veterinary Pharmacological and Biological «State Veterinary Pharmaceutical Commission». For the implementation of these measures, provide federal state budgetary funding.

THE PROBLEM OF USING PRESERVATIVES IN CHEESE MAKING

The article deals with the problem of the use of preservatives in the food industry, namely in cheese making. Laboratory methods for the control of preservatives are analyzed, and the choice of an analytical method for monitoring is justified. In this work, special attention was paid to benzylpenicillin, which is used as a preservative in cheese making.

SANITARY AND BACTERIOLOGICAL STATE OF ORGANOMINERAL COMPOST BASED ON ANIMAL WASTE

The article presents the results of microbiological studies that characterize the survival of various groups of sanitary-indicative microorganisms in organic compost based on animal waste, depending on the level of mineral components. Mixing the mineral components of urea and formalin in a compost mixture based on organic animal waste in an amount of 0,3% of its volume ensures inactivation of the sanitary-indicative microflora after 12 hours of exposure.

STUDY OF ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY OF DIATOMITE

With the development of new technologies, sorbents of natural origin are becoming more widely used in animal husbandry. One of the promising rocks is diatomite, large reserves of which are available in the Russian Federation. It is promising as an enterosorbent, litter, powder, for wound treatment, etc. The article presents the materials of a study on white rats of acute and subchronic toxicity of diatomite of the Kamyshlovskoye deposit. As a result, data were obtained indicating low toxicity of diatomite under conditions of introduction into the stomach (4th class according to GOST 12.1.007). Diatomite has no material and functional accumulation in the conditions of a subchronic experiment.

RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND FUNGICIDAL PREPARATIONS ON FORMATION BIOFILM OF MICROORGANISMS

The results of studies general patterns formation heterogeneous structure biofilms gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as yeast-like fungi Candida spp. are presented. Рrocesses intercellular communication of various systematic groups microorganisms has common morphological and functional patterns biofilm formation. Heteromorphic structures of biofilms united by the intercellular matrix have been revealed in natural, industrial, and clinical conditions, both in the body of mammals and birds, and in food products, devices and equipment, animal husbandry and food production technologies. Indication in a large number of microcolonies, as well as yeast and micellar phases in isolates from pathological material of animals, was a differential sign in local and systemic pathologies. Under the influence drugs on biofilms microorganisms, a direct correlation was established between morphometric and densitometric indicators, reflecting a decrease in the frequency occurrence clusters and optical density, respectively. Under the bacteriostatic effect of chemotherapeutic and disinfecting drugs, accumulations altered cells of spheroplastic type, capable forming stable and unstable L-forms, were revealed. For detection of viable microorganisms in a heterogeneous population microorganisms in vitro and in vivo, fluorescence microscopy and culture media with growth factors for the repair cell wall of L-forms bacteria are promising.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF POPULATIONS OF YEAST-LIKE FUNGI CANDIDA ALBICANS

The article presents the results of electron microscopic investigations of populations of pathogenic Candida albicans № 138 from the museum collection. The morphology of the fungus, its ultrastructure and phases of development in the population were studied. The methods developed at VNIIVSGE for growing bacteria and fungi on the surfaces of Millipore membrane filters without disturbing the architectonics of populations were used in research. The preparations were examined with electron microscope Hitachi 800 (Japan) with two systems: transmission and scanning. At large magnifications, the features of the ultrastructure of Candida albicans cells were studied. It was found that in addition to budding, Candida albicans has a survival strategy in the form of the formation of small blastospore cells, the structure of which is visible only with the use of a scanning electron microscope. The forms, sizes and localization of blastospores with their own development cycle have been studied. The morphology of pseudogyphs, which play an important role in the existence and survival of fungi population, has been studied. The formation of biofilms at a certain stage of development of Candida albicans population was revealed.