Obcy W Polskim Domu: Nacjonalistyczne Koncepcje RozwiąZania Problemu Mniejszości Narodowych 1918‒1939

2000 ◽  
pp. 436-440
Author(s):  
Mich Włodzimierz
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
New Nation ◽  
First World

(Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 1994); pp. 144 The question of how to ensure the rights of ethnic minorities constituted one of the most controversial and troublesome aspects of the Paris peace settlement at the end of the First World War. As early as spring 1919 ongoing peace negotiations revealed a reluctance and even open opposition on the part of the new nation-states of east central Europe towards the implementation of provisions for ethnic minorities. Under pressure from the Allied powers, the new nation-states eventually signed their respective minority treaties, but opposition towards ethnic minorities rights not only remained, but actually increased in many of these states during the course of the next twenty years....

Fragmentation in East Central Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Richter
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
The First World War ◽  
New States ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
First World

The First World War led to a radical reshaping of Europe’s political borders like hardly any previous event. Nowhere was this transformation more profound than in East Central Europe, where the collapse of imperial rule led to the emergence of a series of new states. New borders intersected centuries-old networks of commercial, cultural, and social exchange. The new states had to face the challenges posed by territorial fragmentation and at the same time establish durable state structures within an international order that viewed them at best as weak and at worst as provisional entities that would sooner or later be reintegrated into their larger neighbours’ territory. Fragmentation in East Central Europe challenges the traditional view that the emergence of these states was the product of a radical rupture that naturally led from defunct empires to nation states. Using the example of Poland and the Baltic States, it retraces the roots of the interwar states of East Central Europe, of their policies, economic developments, and of their conflicts back to deep in the First World War. At the same time, it shows that these states learned to harness the dynamics caused by territorial fragmentation, thus forever changing our understanding of what modern states can do.

Stowaways at Bohemia's Shores: Undocumented Emigration and People-Smuggling Networks in Interwar East Central Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-583
Author(s):  
Allison Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
The People ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Migrant Smuggling ◽  
First World

AbstractThis article investigates interwar people-smuggling networks, based in Germany and Czechoslovakia, that transported undocumented emigrants across borders from east-central Europe to northern Europe, where the travelers planned to sail to the United States. Many of the people involved in such networks in the Saxon-Bohemian borderlands had themselves been immigrants from Galicia. They had left a homeland decimated by the First World War and subsequent violence and entered societies with limited avenues to earn a living. The “othering” of these Galician immigrants became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those on the margins of society then sought illegal ways to supplement their income. This article concludes that the poor economic conditions and threat of ongoing violence that spurred migrant clients to seek undocumented passage had driven their smugglers, who also faced social marginalization, to emigration and the business of migrant smuggling.

scholarly journals Death of a Nation? Debating the Great Transatlantic Emigration from Hungary, 1900-1914

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
István Kornél Vida
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
First World

The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century was witness to an unprecedented wave of emigration from East Central Europe, with an estimated 1-1.5 million people leaving for the United States from the territory of Hungary. Such loss of population, mostly young males in their prime, shocked the nation and served as a subject for discussion in various forms and on multiple levels of discourse, from the newspaper reports through literary depictions, to scholarly publications and conferences. In this paper I examine significant monographs as well as conference volumes and proceedings, analyzing the major opinions and debates surrounding the causes and consequences of the Great Transatlantic Emigration. I discuss the most significant publications that appeared before the coming of the First World War, which put an end to mass emigration from Europe. These works in a sense represented the best that Hungarian migration studies had to offer for more than half a century, which makes them particulary worthy of scholarly attention.

scholarly journals The East Side Story of Gender and Feminism

Aspasia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-187
Author(s):  
Gabriela Dudeková Kováčová
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
First World War ◽  
Women's Activism ◽  
East Side ◽  
World War ◽  
Indiana University ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Judith Szapor, Hungarian Women’s Activism in the Wake of the First World War: From Rights to Revanche, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, 207 pp. 102.60 USD (hardback), ISBN 978-1-350-02049-8.Iveta Jusová and Jiřina Šiklová, eds., Czech Feminisms: Perspectives on Gender in East Central Europe, Bloomington: Indiana University Press 2016, 325 pp., no price listed (hardback), ISBN 978-0-25302-189-2.

The Slavic and East European Resources and Facilities of the Library of Congress

Slavic Review ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Horecky
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
East European ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
First World

Although, before the First World War, Slavic affairs received but little attention in the United States, libraries were in this respect somewhat ahead of the times and started building their collections at a relatively early juncture. It is true that in 1901 Herbert Putnam, then Librarian of Congress, found that the Library proper could count only 569 Russian and 97 Polish books among its own holdings. The Russian collection, he commented, “has few of the original authorities, and is weak in modern descriptive works. On the history of Russia and on the Crimean War [there are] only a few of the principal authorities.” Yet pursuant to an act of Congress passed in 1866, the Library held in deposit, though not in ownership, a more substantial if not very appreciable set of publications which had been received by the Smithsonian Institution in exchange for materials supplied to learned institutions in East and East Central Europe.

Imperial Currencies after the Fall of Empires: The Conversion of the German Paper Mark and the Austro-Hungarian Crown at the End of the First World War

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-563
Author(s):  
Máté Rigó
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
First World War ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
World War ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central European ◽  
The First World War ◽  
East Central European ◽  
First World

AbstractFollowing the 1918 collapse of the two major empires that ruled central Europe, Austria-Hungary and Germany, successor states inherited billions of increasingly depreciating paper monies. The conversion of imperial currencies posed enormous difficulties for successor states and exposed the limits of an emerging international order that rendered the pan-European predicament of defunct imperial currencies the problem of individual states. This article compares the first, and one of the last, conversions of imperial currencies, taking monetary transitions in Alsace-Lorraine (1918) and Transylvania (1920) as case studies. Although historians usually treat western and east-central European history separately, the conversion of imperial currencies produced similar outcomes in both the former Alsace-Lorraine and Transylvania. Differences emerge where one would not expect them: the phasing out of the paper mark was coupled with systematic ethnic discrimination against Germans in Alsace and Lorraine, while in Transylvania, some ethnic minorities even managed to benefit from the process.

Moving People

Uprooted ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Thum
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This chapter considers how the remapping of Central Europe after the Second World War was radical not so much in terms of changes in national borders, as in the broadscale shifting of settlement boundaries. The borders had already been altered after the First World War and new countries created upon the ruins of the fallen Central and Eastern European empires. Prolonged mass migrations also ensued at that time. Many people did not want to live in the countries they found themselves in after the political map was redrawn, or they fled growing discrimination against ethnic minorities. After the Second World War, the Allied powers abandoned the principles to which they committed themselves in 1918. They wanted the territory between Germany and the Soviet Union to be made up of homogeneous nation-states that were no longer burdened by the existence of ethnic minorities.

Nation-State Building and its Alternatives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Trencsényi ◽  
Michal Kopeček ◽  
Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič ◽  
Maria Falina ◽  
Mónika Baár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The Political ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
Important Place ◽  
East Central ◽  
Cultural Autonomy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Democratic Decentralization ◽  
First World

The end of the First World War saw a shift in the political expectations of the national elites in East Central Europe from autonomy to national sovereignty. The acceptance of democratic values and promise of social improvement informed the debate over the meaning of national self-determination and forms of its implementation. In this context, the reality of an ethnically mixed population presented a challenge. While cultural autonomy continued to occupy an important place in the political thought of especially Jewish and German communities, generally the vision of a unitary nation became dominant, with minorities’ territorial demands perceived as a threat. Discourses of regionalism, democratic decentralization, and intrastate federalism kept challenging this model. Federalist projects and visions of regional cooperation addressed the issue of the sustainability of order based on small nation-states. It was in this context Nationalism Studies emerged as an academic subdiscipline, studying nationalism from legal, sociological, and political perspectives.

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