Rachel Ertel. Le Shtetl. La bourgade juive de Pologne de la tradition a la modenité. Paris: Payot. 1982. Pp. 321.

2004 ◽  
pp. 409-411
Author(s):  
Władysław T. Bartoszewski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Secondary Material ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter focuses on Rachel Ertel's Le Shtetl (1982). One of the most unusual characteristics of Poland as compared with other European countries, was a large Jewish presence in villages and townlets. In the inter-war period, approximately 30 per cent of Jews lived in such settlements. These settlements, shtetlekh, were fascinating centres of Jewish life and culture, and places of daily contacts between Jews and Christian Poles. It is therefore surprising how few books on the shtetl have been published. Hence, one welcomes every publication dealing with this important aspect of Jewish life before the Holocaust. Unfortunately, the work of Rachel Ertel does not fulfil expectations. The author, who teaches American and Jewish civilization in Paris, attempts to show the evolution of shtetlekh from tradition to modernity. The first quarter of the book is an historical summary of Jewish life in Poland from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 20th century. This is based on secondary material only, much of which is quite old. The history of Jews in Poland is treated in total isolation from Polish history, about which the author knows precious little.

Miguel de Unamuno und Antero de Quental Iberische Religionskritik, einbrechende Moderne und die Tragik des Verlustes

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-330
Author(s):  
Steffen Dix
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractIn recent years the study of local religious histories, especially in Europe, has gained in prominence. Because of the encounters between different cultural traditions in the Middle Ages and the voyages of discovery, the religious history of the Iberian Peninsula became one of the most complex in Europe. This article focuses on one portion of this history around the turn of the 19th/20th century, and in particular on two attempts to blame the Catholic religion for the general crisis in Spain and Portugal at the start of the modern era. These two forms of critiquing religion are illustrated by the examples of Miguel de Unamuno and Antero de Quental, whose writings were characteristic of the typical relationship between religion and intellectuals in this period. Not only were the Spanish philosopher and the Portuguese poet influential on their own and later generations, but they are also truly representative of a certain tragic ”loss“ of religion in the Iberian Peninsula.

scholarly journals Reading the Bible through the ages?Historical and hermeneutical perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirkie Smit
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Church ◽  
The Bible ◽  
God's Word ◽  
History Of ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Bible Reading ◽  
The Middle Ages

In this contribution the seemingly straightforward slogan espoused by Biblica, namely, “Transforming lives through God’s Word” is complicated by placing it within the context of the rich, multi-layered and complex history of Bible-reading. Fully aware that it is an impossible task to construe the history of the reading of the Bible, offers a few broad strokes describing Biblical reception and interpretation, beginning with the complex genesis of the Bible, extending through the Early Church, the Middle Ages, The Renaissance and Reformation, the time of Enlightenment and rise of Modernity, the emergence of ecumenical hermeneutics in the 20th century, and the contemporary conflicts in hermeneutic perspectives. Throughout the essay, the question is asked – in various ways and with different responses – what “Transforming lives through God’s Word” could mean.

scholarly journals Adolf Reinach, Negative States of Affairs and the Concept of Omission

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Jan Woleński
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Proper Solution ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Sense ◽  
The Middle Ages

This paper examines Adolf Reinach’s views about negative states of affairs. The author briefly presents the history of the issue from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. The views of Reinach and Roman Ingarden are compared. A special focus is ascribed to the problem of omissions in the legal sense. According to the author, a proper solution to the problem of negative states of affairs locates negation at the level of language, not in reality.

scholarly journals Development and Codification of Private Law in Portugal

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Hamza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Private Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present short paper offers a referenced outline of the development and codification of private law in the history of Portugal from the Middle Ages to the latter half of the 20th century.

History of the Church

2015 ◽  
pp. 148-176
Author(s):  
Ram Ben-Shalom
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter focuses on stories of saints and popes as presented by Jews. In the Middle Ages, the Church had a significant place in Jewish life. The fragile coexistence of Jews and Christians was based on the Augustinian idea of ‘tolerance’, which left room for Jews in the Christian world. Hence, Jewish comments and observations, based on a large and varied number of Christian sources, provide a lot of information about the Church's impact on the Jews' historical consciousness. A considerable portion of the historical information about the Church was acquired from Christian exempla and hagiography, and it is interesting that Jews often used this material in their own exempla.

Elements for the history of a long quest: search for life in the Universe

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Briot
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractOn the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Drake formula, it appears timely to briefly review the history of Astrobiology from the origins up to the epoch of the Drake formula. After reminding the main steps of this history during Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance, we point out some little known or unknown studies published during the Modern and Contemporary epochs. Then we review the importance of Astrobiology and the search for life in the Universe in scientific publications during the 20th century.

La storia della filosofia medievale dei secoli XIII e XIV

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 53-86
Author(s):  
Graziella Federici Vescovini
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Critical Editions ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

An overview of current medieval philosophical and scientific studies would seem justified at the beginning of the 21st century. While no part of the history of philosophy has been so much despised as the Middle Ages (this period having been called until the beginning of the 20th century the ›dark ages‹), numerous internationally signi;cant studies on this topic have recently been published. Essays and monographs, critical editions, anthologies and re­views have addressed many facets of medieval thought, particularly the medieval institu­tional context and the intellectual life of the Middle Ages along with the history of medie­val philosophy and science. This essay looks at studies of different philosophical tendencies from the end of the 13th century to the 15th century, not restricting itself to medieval Aristo­telianism.

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Making of the Medieval Middle East

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tannous
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the second half of the first millennium CE, the Christian Middle East fractured irreparably into competing churches and Arabs conquered the region, setting in motion a process that would lead to its eventual conversion to Islam. This book argues that key to understanding these dramatic religious transformations are ordinary religious believers, often called “the simple” in late antique and medieval sources. Largely agrarian and illiterate, these Christians outnumbered Muslims well into the era of the Crusades, and yet they have typically been invisible in our understanding of the Middle East's history. What did it mean for Christian communities to break apart over theological disagreements that most people could not understand? How does our view of the rise of Islam change if we take seriously the fact that Muslims remained a demographic minority for much of the Middle Ages? In addressing these and other questions, the book provides a sweeping reinterpretation of the religious history of the medieval Middle East. The book draws on a wealth of Greek, Syriac, and Arabic sources to recast these conquered lands as largely Christian ones whose growing Muslim populations are properly understood as converting away from and in competition with the non-Muslim communities around them.

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