FLEXIBILITY VS. SPECIALISATION IN RO-RO SHIPPING IN THE SOUTH BALTIC SEA

Transport ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Woxenius
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Short Sea Shipping ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Empirical Context ◽  
Selection Of

The trade-off between flexibility and specialisation implies delicate tasks for transport system designers and marketing managers. The outcome of their efforts ranges from highly specialised solutions for a restricted number of users and types of cargoes to very open systems for common use adapted to accommodate a wide variety of transport demands. The purpose of this article is to adapt theories on openness and trade-offs, characterise a selection of flexible and specialised European short sea shipping concepts and analyse how substantial changes in the future character of the competition with road and rail can affect the development of ro-ro shipping in the South Baltic Sea. A matrix with commercial openness and technological openness on the axes is used for categorising sub-segments in the empirical context of the South Baltic Sea. Foreseeable changes in key cost and competition parameters until 2020 are taken into account in discussing potential scenarios. A plausible outcome for the ferry/ro-ro shipping segment is that a branch with slow services for unaccompanied freight will be diverted from the current homogenous market offerings. During the study, the Swedish Orient Line launched a service with these characteristics, which is analysed in a case study.

scholarly journals Multi-Function Tradeoffs of Land System in Urbanized Areas—A Case Study of Xi’an, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Shao ◽  
Fei Li
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Qinling Mountains ◽  
The South ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Land System ◽  
The North ◽  
Trade Offs

Multi-functional trade-offs and synergy research on land systems are hotspots in geography and land science research, and are of great significance for achieving sustainable development of land use and the effective allocation of land resources. Recently, the development of the western region and The Belt and Road Initiative have become key topics, bringing opportunities and challenges to Xi’an. The rapid development of cities is accompanied by drastic changes in land use, and the ecological problems in the Qinling Mountains are becoming increasingly severe. This study took Xi’an as a case study and quantitatively evaluated the spatial-temporal patterns and trade-offs of land system functions such as economic development (ED), grain production (GP), ecological service (ES), etc. on the scale of 1 km × 1 km by fusing the data on land use, topography, soil, climate, and social economy. The results showed that the ED function of the land system continued to rise between 1980 and 2015, the GP function first declined and then increased; however, the ES function continued to decline. The ED, GP and ES functions respectively present a spatial pattern of high-value agglomeration, high in the north and low in the south, and high in the south and low in the north. In general, the three land system functions were trade-offs between each other. In terms of spatial pattern, ED and ES functions showed trade-offs in the south and a synergy distribution in the north; ESs and GP function trade-off zone significantly larger than the synergy zone, the trade-off between the two was significant; while the trade-off and the synergy zone for GP and ED was relatively small, the trade-off zone was the main one. The significant trade-off between GP and ES functions of the land system is a serious problem in land use in Xi’an. Under the premise of limited arable land, it is the current feasible strategy to promote the high-quality development of agriculture to increase the cultivation rate and efficiency, and to strengthen the ecological protection of arable land. In addition, the continued decline of ES functions is also worthy of attention. It is necessary to focus on increasing the greening rate of the city and strengthening the ecological management of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains.

Sustainability trade-offs in the spatial allocation of future onshore wind generation capacity – an empiric case study for Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Tafarte ◽  
Paul Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Spatial Allocation ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Generation Capacity

<p><strong>Sustainability trade-offs in the spatial allocation of future onshore wind generation capacity – an empiric case study for Germany</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The expansion of renewable energies is a key requirement to the global climate protection efforts. However, renewables themselves can be associated with negative local effects. A prominent example is the deployment of wind energy. Different sustainability criteria – e.g. the mitigation of adverse impacts on human health and ecosystems and the generation costs for renewable electricity from wind power, may call for different spatial allocations of wind turbines. As the optimal siting of wind turbines differs with regard to the individual sustainability criteria, this can imply trade-offs between the different sustainability criteria.<br>Therefore we developed an approach to identify and quantify how significant these trade-offs potentially are and to what extent they depend on the spatial allocation of wind turbines as well as on the overall level of wind power deployment.<br>Based on a spatially explicit GIS modelling using high resolution wind speed, settlement and ecological data for Germany, we calculate the potential trade-offs. Using a set of more than 100,000 technically and legally potential sites for modern wind turbines across Germany in a greenfield approach, the numerical optimization of these data identifies on the one hand optimal sites for each sustainability criteria in an expansion scenario for 2030. These different optimal spatial allocations can then be compared against each other for a basic trade-off analysis. Additionally, the trade-off analysis can be elaborated by the calculation of pareto-frontiers as well as a Gini-like coefficient that quantifies the potential trade-off between sustainability criteria in a paired comparison of sustainability criteria. <br>The results show that trade-offs are inevitable giving the required and projected capacity expansion for onshore wind power. But the potential trade-offs among the different sustainability criteria differ significantly with Gini-like coefficients ranging from 0.13 up to 0.69 for depending on the selected criteria in a paired comparison. This underlines that the approach and the obtained results are highly relevant for the management of sustainability trade-offs in future.</p><p>In general, the developed approach covers multiple relevant criteria and provides a framework for the empirical analysis and assessment of trade-offs associated with any spatially relevant energy-infrastructure and sustainability criteria. The approach can also be transferred to other application where trade-offs between different sustainability criteria have to be investigated and managed. And finally, as performed for the case study region of Germany, the obtained results can likewise be reintroduced and visualized using GIS in order to verify and further assess the spatially explicit results.</p><p> </p><p>Index Terms:  spatial planning, trade-offs, wind energy, GIS applications, integrated assessment, allocation optimization</p>

A Formal Process to Support Resolution of Functional Trade-Offs in Complex Product Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muyo Tai ◽  
Keita Ishida ◽  
Kazuya Oizumi ◽  
Kazuhiro Aoyama
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Continuously Variable Transmission ◽  
Simple Description ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Complex Product ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Clear Guideline ◽  
Physical Phenomena

This paper proposes a method to resolve trade-off problems between functionalities, which hinders unconventional improvement of a product. As products have become increasingly complex, it becomes difficult to grasp the whole aspects of a product. In order to resolve trade-off problems of a complex product, it is required to model the product in an appropriate form and to gather knowledge of experts in each domain. Although there have been several models to tackle with this issue, modelling still poses difficulties due to lack of clear guideline. This paper classified models into three types: function-based, cognition-based and physics-based. Then, their roles and description guidelines are clarified. As a function-based model depicts functionality of a product in a rather simple description, it is employed to specify significant tradeoffs. A cognition-based model depicts the designers’ recognition of physical phenomena while a physics-based model rigorously depicts the physical phenomena. A cognition-based model is appropriate for ideation while physics-based model contributes to objectivity of a model. This paper proposes complimentary modelling and use of cognition-based and physics-based models. To support ideation of solution to the trade-offs, TRIZ is applied. The proposed method is demonstrated and validated by the case study of Continuously Variable Transmission.

Optimizing the cost, LEED credits, and time trade-offs using a genetic algorithmic model

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-608
Author(s):  
Shantanu Kumar ◽  
Mohammed S. Hashem M. Mehany
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Dataset Size ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Algorithmic Model ◽  
The Cost

Over the last century, the complexity of construction projects has increased exponentially and its factors (e.g., time, budget, and quality) have generated complicated trade-offs. This research focuses on the trade-off between time, cost, and sustainability represented in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) credits (particularly materials and resources). The research is broken into preliminary and validation studies wherein the preliminary study uses an exhaustive search to find the optimized solution. In the validation case study, dataset size increased exponentially, and it became computationally incompatible to find the optimized solution. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimized solution based on user-defined priority factors. Usage of GA is validated using the preliminary study data and then applied to the validation study data. A trade-off is seen between the priority factors and the optimized solution. The optimization model is successful in minimizing the time and cost, concurrently maximizing the points associated with LEED credits for a validation case study.

Formal Process to Support Resolution of Functional Trade-Offs in Complex Product Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Oizumi ◽  
Keita Ishida ◽  
Muyo Tai ◽  
Kazuhiro Aoyama
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Product Development ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Simple Description ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Complex Product ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Continuously Variable Transmissions ◽  
Physical Phenomena

This research study proposes a method to resolve issues with trade-offs between functionalities, which hinder the unconventional improvement of a product. As products have become increasingly complex, it has become difficult to grasp all the aspects of a product. To resolve the problematic trade-off issues of a complex product, it is necessary to model the product in an appropriate form and to gather knowledge from experts in each domain. Although there have been several models to tackle this issue, modeling still poses difficulties due to a lack of clear guidelines. This paper classifies models into three types: function-based, cognition-based, and physics-based models. Next, their roles and description guidelines are clarified. As a function-based model depicts the functionality of a product in a rather simple description, it is employed to specify significant trade-offs. A cognition-based model depicts the designers' recognition of physical phenomena, whereas a physics-based model rigorously depicts the physical phenomena. A cognition-based model is appropriate for ideation, while the physics-based model contributes to the objectivity of a model. This study proposes a strategy of complementary modeling and the use of cognition-and physics-based models. To support the ideation of a solution to the trade-offs, the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) is applied. The proposed method is validated by a case study of continuously variable transmissions (CVT).

scholarly journals Trade-off Service Portfolio Planning – A Case Study on Mining the Android App Market

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maleknaz Nayebi ◽  
Guenther Ruhe
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Service Portfolio ◽  
Android App ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Portfolio Planning

Service portfolio planning is the process of designing collections of services and deciding on their provision. The problem is highly information intensive, and most of the information required is hard to gather. In this paper, we present a solution approach based on the paradigm of Analytical Open Innovation (AOI). Open innovation is a cheap and low risk problem solving approach which relies on knowledge exchange with outside of company as a competitive advantage. Different forms of open innovation; crowd source, open source and outsource; facilitate the provider and consumer interactions and brings higher customer value. In our proposed AOI approach, open innovation is utilized for elicitation of services from web data, crowdsourcing the service value from potential customers and for the estimation of service implementation effort. For service evaluation, we apply the Kano theory of product development and customer satisfaction. Based on that and as the result from an optimization process, resource-optimized service portfolios are created that constitute trade-offs in balancing between gained value and effort needed. As a proof of concept, the proposed approach is illustrated via a case study project for the composition of Over the Top TV (OTT) services. The atomic services from 241 qualified apps were analyzed from the android app market. We demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to generate optimized trade-off solutions, composing better apps at each capacity level and achieving better customer satisfaction .The level of improvement in customer satisfaction varies between 16.5% and 95.3%.

scholarly journals Trade-off Service Portfolio Planning – A Case Study on Mining the Android App Market

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maleknaz Nayebi ◽  
Guenther Ruhe
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Service Portfolio ◽  
Android App ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Portfolio Planning

Service portfolio planning is the process of designing collections of services and deciding on their provision. The problem is highly information intensive, and most of the information required is hard to gather. In this paper, we present a solution approach based on the paradigm of Analytical Open Innovation (AOI). Open innovation is a cheap and low risk problem solving approach which relies on knowledge exchange with outside of company as a competitive advantage. Different forms of open innovation; crowd source, open source and outsource; facilitate the provider and consumer interactions and brings higher customer value. In our proposed AOI approach, open innovation is utilized for elicitation of services from web data, crowdsourcing the service value from potential customers and for the estimation of service implementation effort. For service evaluation, we apply the Kano theory of product development and customer satisfaction. Based on that and as the result from an optimization process, resource-optimized service portfolios are created that constitute trade-offs in balancing between gained value and effort needed. As a proof of concept, the proposed approach is illustrated via a case study project for the composition of Over the Top TV (OTT) services. The atomic services from 241 qualified apps were analyzed from the android app market. We demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to generate optimized trade-off solutions, composing better apps at each capacity level and achieving better customer satisfaction .The level of improvement in customer satisfaction varies between 16.5% and 95.3%.

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

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