scholarly journals EARLY 20TH-CENTURY WOODEN TENEMENT BUILDINGS IN ESTONIA: BUILDING BLOCKS FOR NEIGHBORHOOD LONGEVITY

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Hess
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Housing Demand ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Art Nouveau

During the early 20th century, the urban housing supply in Estonia expanded quickly to meet growing housing demand, resulting in tenement districts conceived for maximum profitability of rental units. In Karlova, a district near the city center of Tartu, about five hundred wooden houses, built between 1911 and the early 1920s and displaying simple Art Nouveau details, are set amid a charming district with a distinct milieu. This article focuses on three time periods during which the development of its built environment gave Karlova its distinctiveness: (1) the years leading up to World War I; (2) the interwar period; and (3) the two decades since 1991, or the post-transition period. Although the district was neglected during the Soviet era, it remains remarkably intact and has even experienced, since the 1990s, gentrification. The high-quality housing stock and charming built environment has much to offer to its diverse population of students, professionals, families, and longtime residents. Santrauka Dvidešimtojo amžiaus pradžioje gyvenamųjų namų pasiūla Estijoje greitai augo atitikdama į augančius gyvenamojo ploto poreikius. Minėtos situacijos rezultatas - daugiabučių namų kvartalai sukurti taip, kad iš nuomojamų patalpų būtų gaunamas maksimalus pelnas. Karlova – kvartalas netoli Tartu centro. Jį sudaro apie penki šimtai medinių namų, pastatytų tarp 1911 ir 1920 metų. Pastatams būdingos paprastos Art Nouveauarchitektūrinės detalės, jie pastatyti išskirtinėje patrauklioje aplinkoje. Pateikiamame straipsnyje nagrinėjami trys laikotarpiai, per kuriuos užstatymo kaita aptariamoje teritorijoje sukūrė išskirtinį jos tapatumą: 1) laikotarpis iki Pirmojo pasaulinio karo; 2) tarpukaris; 3) du dešimtmečiai po 1991 m. Nežiūrint to, kad sovietiniais metais teritorija buvo nesaugoma ir ja nesirūpinama, Karlova išsaugojo nepažeistą architektūrinį urbanistinį vientisumą, o po 1990 m. teritorijoje prasidėjo gentrifikacijos procesai. Aukštos kokybės gyvenamasis užstatymas ir žavi urbanistinė aplinka gali daug pasiūlyti įvairioms gyventojų grupėms: studentams, profesionalams, šeimoms ir vyresnio amžiaus žmonėms.

FEATURES OF COMPOSITION IN THE ART OF CHILDREN’S BOOKS BY ARTHUR RACKHAM

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-149
Author(s):  
Anna O. Bel'skaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Children's Books ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
Children’S Books ◽  
Book Design ◽  
Book Illustration ◽  
Medieval Manuscripts

The article studies the book illustration by the English artist Arthur Rackham (1867–1939), the features of his work in the context of time and the experience that can be used in the process of teaching the book design and illustration. Here, research interest is focused on six main techniques that the artist actively used when illustrating in the children’s books in England in the late 19 – early 20th century. The name of A. Rackham and his graphics, are entirely associated with the English Art Nouveau. Having studied the graphic heritage of A. Rackham, on the example of his seven illustrations for children’s books, one can trace how A. Rackham’s creative credo was formed. The artist managed to move away from imitation of the English Victorian style, the Eastern and Western charts, medieval manuscripts and came to his own version of the Neo-Gothic in the art of the English book

scholarly journals Passive Design, Urban-Rural Architectural Morphology for Subtropics

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Asma Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Passive Design ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Architectural Planning

Built environment is a function of man-made setting, surroundings, conditions which is the center of human activity in architectural places. The integration of nature into the built environment determines the urban or the rural form of settlements. The present research aims to specify architectural morphology of sub-tropical region through a case analysis of the situation in Pakistan. The field study analyses the existing housing stock in Pakistan, in urban settings and as a result of vernacular traditions in the villages. The paper identifies the regional characteristic behaviour of highland, lowland, coastal and arid region. It gives an overview of the current urban housing situation in Pakistan. It discusses the type of housing unit, the occupant behaviour, lifestyle of the people, It also identifies the pattern of energy used within the residential buildings of Pakistan. The architectural planning in urban and rural regions, their long term passive design techniques to cope with the climate challenges of a particular area have been discussed in detail. The paper recommend some contextual and adapted passive features of vernacular architecture in urban houses.  Keywords: Architectural-morphology, Urban, Housing, Vernacular, Passive Design, Built Environment

scholarly journals Material Atmospheres: Theorising Recent Shifts in Interior Visualisation

Interiority ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Gregory Marinic
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Interior Spaces ◽  
Political Economic

Much like Walter Benjamin's analysis of the Parisian arcades during the interwar years of the early 20th century, emerging methods of seeing interior spaces reveal a deeper gaze into the contextual, material, and phenomenological conditions that produce more nuanced visions of interiority. A collective consciousness surrounding these constructed narratives is reflected in charged associations with the most salient imperatives of our time—globalisation, resource depletion, ecological degradation, and political instability—as well as their corresponding effects on the built environment. These visual provocations have incrementally percolated up to embody an expanding field of design activism for educators, theorists, practitioners, and students. How do these avant-garde techniques operate?  What do they reveal about socio-political, economic, and consumptive forces shaping the global built environment?  How do these speculative methods offer more critical ways to communicate dynamic conditions? 

Kurdish studies in Russia in the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-165
Author(s):  
Amanj N.B. Bijan
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kurdish Issue ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The 19Th Century

We consider the history of studying the history of Kurds in Russia in the early 20th century. The plans of cooperation between the Russians and Kurds against the Ottoman Empire are analyzed. We consider the socio-political and research activities of Russian politicians and scientists in the framework of solving the Kurdish issue. Research on Kurdistan, which began in the 19th century, continued and developed in Russia. Along with military and strategic studies, there were studies of Kurdish clans and Kurdish society. In addition to Russian scientists, Russian diplomats also contributed to the development of Kurdish studies. Before World War I, Russia tried to establish consulates and shopping centers in Kurdish cities. In the early of 20th century in Russia, Kurdish studies were developing rapidly, which was due to both the international situation and the activity of well-trained specialists-orientalists. Often they, like V.F. Minorsky and I.A. Orbeli, combined official (diplomatic) and research activities. Active role in the formation and development of Kurdish studies played N.I. Marr and A.S. Shamilov, who had no formal linguistic education and has been at the epicenter of political processes in the Soviet historiography and linguistics (repression, criticism of “marisma”). Despite the complex political processes of the early 20th cen-tury, it was during this period that the main ideas about Kurdish history and the Kurdish language were formed, and the main scientific schools were formed, which were developed after 1945.

2. Origins

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-29
Author(s):  
Dan Stone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
South West Africa

‘Origins’ traces the concentration camp’s origins in 19th- and early 20th-century colonial settings in Australia, the United States, Cuba, South Africa, and German South-West Africa (today Namibia), and in the Armenian genocide at the end of the Ottoman Empire. By studying the early concentration camps, we can understand how and why the camps emerged when they did, and clarify the links and differences between them and the fascist and communist concentration camps of the mid-20th century. European racism, military culture, more rapid forms of communication, and increasingly available print media all contributed to the global diffusion of concentration camp concept, which by the end of World War I became accepted as a technique of rule.

Holst – Astrology and Modernism in ‘The Planets’

Tempo ◽  
1993 ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Head
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
British Music ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Movement

The subject of modernism in early 20th-century British music is rarely examined: partly because it is often thought that British composers were not interested in the Modern Movement before World War I, and partly because in discussing Modernism (a convenient umbrella term for the whole cultural avant-garde whose components included Expressionism, Futurism, Primitivism and Surrealism) one must be prepared to engage subjects which, in this country, are normally considered Verboten. There is no doubt, for instance, that the development of the Modern Movement on the Continent was partly inspired by a widespread awareness of Theosophy, and the interest, which it encouraged, in such esoteric areas as Indian philosophy and astrology. In this article I want to look at this aspect of Modernism in relation to Gustav Hoist, and especially in The Planets (1914–16): his, and British music's, first striking testament to the Modernist outlook. The very bases of this work are Hoist's understanding of astrology, his friendships of the time, and his Theosophical upbringing.

scholarly journals Attitude of the Kazan Gubernia Peasants towards Women's Primary Education: The Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 449-457
Author(s):  
Yulia E. Zheleznyakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Spiritual Well Being ◽  
The Masses

This article focuses on the problem of peasants’ attitude towards female education in rural schools of the Kazan gubernia. The author draws on a variety of archival and published sources: documents of management and record keeping of institutions responsible for schools functioning, statistical data, periodicals, etc. In pre-revolutionary Russia, peasants constituted the vast majority of the population. This fully applies to the Kazan gubernia, one of Russian agricultural regions. The specificity of the gubernia was in its multi-ethnic and multi-confessional population structure: the Russians, the Tatars, the Chuvash, the Mari, the Mordvins, the Udmurt, etc. An important factor in Russian modernization of the second half of the 19th - early 20th century was Zemstvo school, a significant sociocultural institution contributing to spiritual well-being and material welfare of the masses. It promoted basic literacy and, more importantly, inclusion of millions of liberated peasants into civil life. Expansion of the Zemstvo schools network was a step towards universal primary education. Zemstvo also attempted to solve the so-called “women’s question.” Believing that woman should be full member of the society, Zemstvo delegates sought to make primary education universal. The majority of rural schools in the Kazan gubernia were Zemstvo schools, where children of both sexes were trained, but for a long period of time boys predominated. For a long time it was believed that a woman does not need literacy, it was deemed a luxury. Farmers’ views on the education of girls and women changed over time, awareness of the need for their training grew. A noticeable progress occurred in the days of the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.

scholarly journals «Sogno un ultimo viaggio ispanico». Seven Letters by Arturo Farinelli to Eugeni d’Ors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Suppa
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
World War ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Ideological Assumptions

Italian scholar Arturo Farinelli was strongly connected with Catalonia and Spain’s cultural environment. In early 20th century, he met young Catalan philosopher Eugeni d’Ors and, despite their opposed aesthetical and ideological positions, the two became friends and started an epistolary relationship attested by seven letters of Arturo Farinelli, sent between 1920 and 1943 and located in the Arxiu National de Catalunya. During World War I, both intellectuals defended neutrality, but moving from antithetical ideological assumptions, such as a humanistic internationalism in the case of Farinelli, and European imperialism promoted by Ors. Differences between them lie also in their aesthetic judgements about Baroque and Romanticism.

scholarly journals GAYA ART NOUVEAU SEBAGAI INSPIRASI DALAM PERANCANGAN DESAIN PRODUK

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Devanny Gumulya ◽  
Richard Santio
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
20Th Century Art ◽  
Natural Life

<strong>Abstract</strong><br />Art Nouveau is an art movement originated from France. The word "Art Nouveau" in French means "New Art". Art Nouveau reached its peak popularity in the early 20th century. Art Nouveau brought "Back to Nature" theme. Therefore, the Art Nouveau lines and shapes are not far from natural life<br />including plants and animals. In our country Indonesia, The Art Nouveau is not as popular as The Art Deco, one of the factors because the country of Indonesia is an ex Dutch colony country. Buildings built by Dutch architect were Art Deco style buildings. On the other hand there is an increase of market interest in classic contemporary interior. PT. Dempsey Nusantara is one of<br />example of furniture manufacture with classic contemporary style. In this paper we try understand the design spirit of Art Nouveau from the definition, character, and its application in many countries. After understanding the thinking and visual character of Art Nouveau, it is used as an inspiration for<br />designing dining set as an apprentice project in Dempsey.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Abstrak</strong><br />Art Nouveau merupakan gerakan seni yang berasal dari Perancis. Kata “Art Nouveau” sendiri dalam bahasa Perancis berarti “Seni Baru”. Art Nouveau mencapai puncak popularitas pada awal abad 20. Seni Art Nouveau membawa tema “Kembali ke Alam”. Maka dari itu, tarikan garis dan bentuk Art Nouveau diambil dari alam meliputi flora dan fauna. Di Indonesia sendiri, Seni Art Nouveau tidaklah sepopuler Seni Art Deco. Salah satu faktor adalah karena negara Indonesia merupakan negara jajahan Belanda dimana bangunan-bangunan yang didirikan<br />arsitek Belanda bergaya Art Deco. Disisi lain ada peningkatan minat pasar pada interior klasik kontemporer salah satu produsen adalah PT. Dempsey Nusantara. Di makalah ini kami mencoba membahas apa yang menjadi semangat desain Art Nouveau ini mulai dari definisi, karakter, dan aplikasinya di berbagai negara. Karena dengan memahami, barulah bisa dijadikan inspirasi untuk merancang set furnitur ruang makan sebagai proyek magang di Dempsey.

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