scholarly journals Cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of rye genome in octoploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Evtushenko ◽  
Yulia A. Lipikhina ◽  
Petr I. Stepochkin ◽  
Alexander V. Vershinin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Meiotic Stability ◽  
Octoploid Triticale

Alloploidization resulting from remote (interspecific or intergeneric) hybridization is one of the main factors in plant evolution, leading to the formation of new species. Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack, 1889) is the first artificial species created by crossing wheat (Triticum spp.) and rye (Secale cereale Linnaeus, 1753) and has a great potential as a grain and forage crop. Remote hybridization is a stress factor that causes a rapid reorganization of the parental genomes in hybrid progeny (“genomic shock”) and is accompanied by abnormalities in the chromosome set of hybrids. The formation of the hybrid genome and its subsequent stabilization are directly related to the normalization of meiosis and the correct chromosome segregation. The aim of this work was to cytogenetically characterize triticale (× Triticosecale rimpaui Wittmack, 1899, AABBDDRR) obtained by crossing Triticum aestivum Linnaeus, 1753. Triple Dirk D × Secale cereale L. Korotkostebel’naya 69 in F3–F6 generations of hybrids, and to trace the process of genetic stabilization of hybrid genomes. Also, a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the centromeric histone CENH3 genes was performed in wheat-rye allopolyploids of various ploidy as well as their parental forms. In the hybrid genomes of octoploid triticale an increased expression of the rye CENH3 variants was detected. The octoploid triticale plants contain complete chromosome sets of the parental subgenomes maintaining the chromosome balance and meiotic stability. For three generations the percentage of aneuploids in the progeny of such plants has been gradually decreasing, and they maintain a complete set of the paternal rye chromosomes. However, the emergence of hexaploid and new aneuploid plants in F5 and F6 generations indicates that stabilization of the hybrid genome is not complete yet. This conclusion was confirmed by the analysis of morphological features in hybrid plants: the progeny of one plant having the whole chromosome sets of parental subgenomes showed significant morphological variations in awn length and spike density. Thus, we expect that the results of our karyotyping of octoploid triticales obtained by crossing hexaploid wheat to diploid rye supplemented by comparative analysis of CENH3 sequences will be applicable to targeted breeding of stable octo- and hexaploid hybrids.

LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF OCTOPLOID TRITICALE AND ITS PARENTAL SPECIES GROWN IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. POYSA ◽  
C. J. KNOBLAUCH ◽  
B. D. McKERSIE ◽  
E. REINBERGS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Octoploid Triticale

The low-temperature tolerance of 25 octoploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) lines and their five wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) and five rye (Secale cereale L.) parental cultivars was evaluated in controlled freezing tests following field acclimation in southern Ontario. The average LT50 rating of triticale was 1–2 °C inferior to that of wheat and rye. Triticale synthesized from very hardy rye did not have better levels of hardiness than triticale from less hardy rye. The raw primary octoploid triticale lines were generally less cold tolerant than their hardy wheat parents. The LT50 rating of triticale was not significantly correlated with the LT50 rating of either the wheat or the rye parent.Key words: Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., Secale cereale L., cold hardiness, intergeneric hybridization

Rye C-banding patterns and meiotic stability of hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale) selections differing in kernel shriveling

Genome ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Papa ◽  
R. Morris ◽  
J. W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Meiotic Stability ◽  
Metaphase I

Two winter hexaploid triticale populations derived from the same cross were selected on the basis of grain appearance and agronomic performance. The five lines from 84LT402 showed more kernel shriveling than the four lines from 84LT401. The derived lines were analyzed for aneuploid frequencies, rye chromosome banding patterns, and meiotic stability to detect associations with kernel development. The aneuploid frequencies were 16% in 84LT401 and 18% in 84LT402. C-banding showed that both selection groups had all the rye chromosomes except 2R. The two groups had similar telomeric patterns but differed in the long-arm interstitial patterns of 4R and 5R. Compared with lines from 84LT402, those from 84LT401 had significantly fewer univalents and rod bivalents, and more paired arms at metaphase I; fewer laggards and bridges at anaphase I; and a higher frequency of normal tetrads. There were no significant differences among lines within each group for any meiotic character. Since there were no differences within or between groups in telomeric banding patterns, the differences in kernel shriveling and meiotic stability might be due to genotypic factors and (or) differences in the interstitial patterns of 4R and 5R. By selecting plump grains, lines with improved kernel characteristics along with improved meiotic stability are obtainable.Key words: triticale, meiotic stability, C-banding, Secale cereale, heterochromatin.

PARENTAL EFFECTS ON CHROMOSOME DOUBLING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY TRITICALE

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Intergeneric Hybridization ◽  
Parental Effects ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Independent Effects

Intergeneric hybridization between six hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and five inbred rye (Secale cereale L.) lines was used to study the influence of parental genotypes upon chromosome doubling after colchicine treatment. Significant differences were attributed to independent effects of the wheat and rye parents. Self-fertility of the derived amphidiploids was positively correlated with colchicine responsiveness.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes of watermelon and melon provides evidence of gene transfer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haonan Cui ◽  
Zhuo Ding ◽  
Qianglong Zhu ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Boyan Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Organelle Genomes ◽  
Nuclear Genomes ◽  
Genetic Communication

AbstractDuring plant evolution, there is genetic communication between organelle and nuclear genomes. A comparative analysis was performed on the organelle and nuclear genomes of the watermelon and melon. In the watermelon, chloroplast-derived sequences accounted for 7.6% of the total length of the mitochondrial genome. In the melon, chloroplast-derived sequences accounted for approximately 2.73% of the total mitochondrial genome. In watermelon and melon, the chloroplast-derived small-fragment sequences are either a subset of large-fragment sequences or appeared multiple times in the mitochondrial genome, indicating that these fragments may have undergone multiple independent migration integrations or emerged in the mitochondrial genome after migration, replication, and reorganization. There was no evidence of migration from the mitochondria to chloroplast genome. A sequence with a total length of about 73 kb (47%) in the watermelon chloroplast genome was homologous to a sequence of about 313 kb in the nuclear genome. About 33% of sequences in the watermelon mitochondrial genome was homologous with a 260 kb sequence in the nuclear genome. A sequence with a total length of about 38 kb (25%) in the melon chloroplast genome was homologous with 461 sequences in the nuclear genome, with a total length of about 301 kb. A 3.4 Mb sequence in the nuclear genome was homologous with a melon mitochondrial sequence. These results indicate that, during the evolution of watermelon and melon, a large amount of genetic material was exchanged between the nuclear genome and the two organelle genomes in the cytoplasm.

scholarly journals A merger between compatible but divergent genomes supports allopolyploidization in the Brassicaceae family

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosub Shin ◽  
Jeong Eun Park ◽  
Hye Rang Park ◽  
Woo Lee Choi ◽  
Seung Hwa Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Gene Body Methylation ◽  
Transcription Network ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Single Nucleus ◽  
Nuclear Environment ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Genome Divergence ◽  
Genome Stabilization ◽  
Brassicaceae Family

AbstractHybridization and polyploidization are pivotal to plant evolution. Genetic crosses between distantly related species rarely occur in nature mainly due to reproductive barriers but how such hurdles can be overcome is largely unknown. xBrassicoraphanus is a fertile intergeneric allopolyploid synthesized between Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus in the Brassicaceae family. Genomes of B. rapa and R. sativus are diverged enough to suppress synapsis formation between non-homologous progenitor chromosomes during meiosis, and we found that both genomes reside in the single nucleus of xBrassicoraphanus without genome loss or rearrangement. Expressions of syntenic orthologs identified in B. rapa and R. sativus were adjusted to a hybrid nuclear environment of xBrassicoraphanus, which necessitates reconfiguration of transcription network by rewiring cis-trans interactions. B. rapa coding sequences have a higher level of gene-body methylation than R. sativus, and such methylation asymmetry is maintained in xBrassicoraphanus. B. rapa-originated transposable elements were transcriptionally silenced in xBrassicoraphanus, rendered by gain of CHG methylation in trans via small RNAs derived from the same sequences of R. sativus subgenome. Our work proposes that not only transcription compatibility but also a certain extent of genome divergence supports hybrid genome stabilization, which may explain great diversification and expansion of angiosperms during evolution.

A Comparative Study of the Structure and Properties of Certain Types of Oligodiene

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
N.A. Shabunina ◽  
V.D. Voronchikhin ◽  
E.I. Lesik ◽  
A.V. Berestyuk ◽  
O.V. Karmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Gel Permeation ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Processing Properties ◽  
Rotary Viscometer

Using methods of IR spectroscopy (Fourier infrared spectrometer; PerkinElmer) and gel permeation chromatography (Agilent 1200; Agilent Technologies), we studied the microstructure and molecular characteristics of four types of diene oligomer (DO) of different functionality. The dynamic viscosity, η, of DOs was measured on a rotary viscometer (LVDV-II + Pro; Brookfield). A comparative analysis of the obtained results makes it possible to predict the dispersion and the plasticising effect of DOs in polymer–oligomer composites. The temperature dependences of η for different DOs differ in the temperature range 20–60°C; at temperatures of 80°C and above, the values of h are practically identical, i.e. their processing properties are the same, and the replacement of one DO with another will not lead to any need to alter the processing regime of the composites.

scholarly journals Molecular Characteristics of Batanghari, Tambago, Orange, and Mandiangin Giant Gourami Strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Agus Nuryanto ◽  
Anatasia Endang Pulungsari
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome B ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Cytochrome B Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Genetic Structures

<p class="IsiAbstrakIndo"><span lang="EN-GB">Morphological variations among geographic and can be identified as different species. However, a lot of studies proved that morphological variations are also common in conspecific individuals. Therefore, precise identification using additional characters is vital, such as using a molecular marker. Here, we characterized Batanghari, Tambago, Orange, and Mandiangin gourami strains using the cytochrome b gene to evaluate their taxonomic status. Partial sequences of cytochrome b gene were sequenced for 40 individuals. Taxonomic status was checked for giant gourami sequences available in GenBank. Kimura 2-Parameter genetic distances were calculated in MEGA6 software. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity within population and </span><span lang="EN-GB">Φ</span><sub><span lang="EN-GB">st</span></sub><span lang="EN-GB">-value among populations were estimated in Arlequin software. Phylogenetic relationship was reconstructed using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA6 software based on Kimura 2-parameter model with 1000 pseudobootstraps. Taxonomic identification results in 99% sequences homology to </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Osphronemus goramy</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> sequences (accession number KU984978.1 and AY763768.1), means that all strains belong to single species. Low genetic distances, medium haplotype and low-level nucleotide diversity were observed among strains. Pairwise </span><span lang="EN-GB">Φ</span><sub><span lang="EN-GB">st</span></sub><span lang="EN-GB">-comparison indicates no genetic differences among Sumatera strain, whereas strong genetic structures observed between Sumatera and Mandiangin strains. The phylogenetic tree showed that Mandiangin formed separate subclades from other strains with bootstraps value of 100%. This finding has important implication for breeding sciences and efforts.</span></p>

scholarly journals Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Clinostomid Metacercariae from Korea and Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-645
Author(s):  
Eun Jeong Won ◽  
Yu Jeong Lee ◽  
Moon-Ju Kim ◽  
Jong-Yil Chai ◽  
Byoung-Kuk Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Rrna Sequence ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Worm Body ◽  
5.8S Rrna ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization ◽  
Clinostomum Complanatum

Morphological and molecular characterization of clinostomid metacercariae (CMc) was performed with the specimens collected in fish from Korea and Myanmar. Total 6 batches of clinostomid specimens by the fish species and geographical localities, 5 Korean and 1 Myanmar isolates, were analyzed with morphological (light microscopy and SEM) and molecular methods (the cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase 1 gene and internal transcribed spacer 1/5.8S rRNA sequence). There were some morphological variations among CMc specimens from Korea. However, some morphometrics, i.e., the size of worm body and each organ, ratio of body length to body width, and morphology of cecal lumens, were considerably different between the specimens from Korea and Myanmar. The surface ultrastructures were somewhat different between the specimens from Korea and Myanmar. The <i>CO</i>1 sequences of 5 Korean specimens ranging 728-736 bp showed 99.6-100% identity with <i>Clinostomum complanatum</i> (GenBank no. KM923964). They also showed 99.9-100% identity with <i>C. complanatum</i> (FJ609420) in the ITS1 sequences ranging 692-698 bp. Meanwhile, the ITS1 sequences of Myanmar specimen showed 99.9% identity with <i>Euclinostomum heterostomum</i> (KY312847). Five sequences from Korean specimens clustered with the <i>C. complanatum</i> genes, but not clustered with Myanmar specimens. Conclusively, it was confirmed that CMc from Korea were morphologically and molecularly identical with <i>C. complanatum</i> and those from Myanmar were <i>E. heterostomum</i>.

scholarly journals Reserve or Resident Progenitors in Cartilage? Comparative Analysis of Chondrocytes versus Chondroprogenitors and Their Role in Cartilage Repair

Cartilage ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Vinod ◽  
P. R. J. V. C. Boopalan ◽  
Solomon Sathishkumar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cartilage Repair ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Stem Cell Markers ◽  
Differentiation Potential

Introduction Articular cartilage is made up of hyaline tissue embodying chondrocytes, which arise from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and specialized extracellular matrix. Despite possessing resident progenitors in and around the joint primed for chondrogenesis, cartilage has limited intrinsic capacity of repair and cell turnover. Advances in isolation, culture, and characterization of these progenitors have raised the possibility for their use in cell-based cartilage repair. Chondroprogenitors (CPCs) have been classified as MSCs and have been postulated to play a vital role in injury response and are identified by their colony forming ability, proliferative potential, telomere dynamics, multipotency, and expression of stem cell markers. The combined presence of CPCs and chondrocytes within the same tissue compartments and the ability of chondrocytes to dedifferentiate and acquire stemness during culture expansion has obscured our ability to define and provide clear-cut differences between these 2 cell populations. Objective This review aims to evaluate and summarize the available literature on CPCs in terms of their origin, growth kinetics, molecular characteristics, and differential and therapeutic potential with emphasis on their difference from daughter chondrocytes. Design For this systematic review, a comprehensive electronic search was performed on PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant terms such as chondrocytes, chondroprogenitors, and surface marker expression. Results and Conclusion Our comparative analysis shows that there is an ill-defined distinction between CPCs and chondrocytes with respect to their cell surface expression (MSC markers and CPC-specific markers) and differentiation potential. Accumulating evidence indicates that the 2 subpopulations may be distinguished based on their growth kinetics and chondrogenic marker.

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