scholarly journals Phenological and social characterization of three Lasioglossum (Dialictus) species inferred from long-term trapping collections

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 17-38
Author(s):  
Lyllian A.-J. Corbin ◽  
David N. Awde ◽  
Miriam H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Sweat Bee ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Two Peaks

Detailed social and phenological data collected from nesting aggregations exist for relatively few sweat bee species because nesting aggregations are rarely found in large numbers, even when local populations are highly abundant. This limits researchers’ abilities to assess the social status of many species, which in turn, limits our ability to trace the sequence of evolutionary steps between alternative social states. To address this problem, we demonstrate the utility of rehydrated, pinned specimens from pan trap and netting collections for generating inferences about the phenology and social status of a well-studied sweat bee species, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) laevissimum. A detailed comparison of phenology and reproductive traits, between pinned specimens and those in a previous nesting study, produced similar results for bivoltine foraging activity and eusocial colony organization typical in this species. We then used pinned specimens from monitoring studies to describe, for the first time, the foraging phenology and social behaviour of two additional Dialictus species, L. hitchensi and L. ellisiae. Both L. hitchensi and L. ellisiae each exhibited two peaks in abundance during their breeding seasons, indicating two periods of foraging activity, which correspond to provisioning of spring and summer broods. Differences in body size, wear, and ovarian development of spring and summer females indicated that L. hitchensi is most likely eusocial, while L. ellisiae is either solitary or communal. This study demonstrates that analyses of specimens obtained from flower and pan trap collections can be used for assessing the phenology and social organization of temperate sweat bees in the absence of nesting data. The phenological and social lability of many sweat bee species make them ideal for studying geographic and temporal variability in sociality, and analyses of pan trap collections can make these studies possible when direct observations are impossible.

scholarly journals Lovesick: Immunological Costs of Mating of Male Sagebrush Crickets

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Joseph Lehman ◽  
Carie Weddle ◽  
Jeannine St. John ◽  
Angela Kerr ◽  
Susan Gershman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Sexual Signals ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
Encapsulation Rate ◽  
Investment In Reproduction ◽  
Virgin Male ◽  
Cyphoderris Strepitans ◽  
Breeding Seasons

A growing body of evidence suggests that resources invested in sexual signals and other reproductive traits often come at the expense of the ability to mount an immune response. Male sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans, offer an unusual nuptial food gift to females during mating: females chew on the tips of males' fleshy hind wings and ingest hemolymph seeping from the wounds they inflict. Previous research has shown that once a male has mated, his probability of obtaining an additional copulation is reduced relative to that of a virgin male seeking his first mating. One hypothesis to account for this effect is that wing wounding triggers an energetically costly immune response, such that non­ virgin males are unable to sustain the costly acoustical signaling needed to attract additional females. To test this hypothesis, we injected virgin males with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a non-living component of bacterial cell walls that leads to upregulation of the insect immune system. Males were released in the field and recaptured over the course of the breeding season to monitor their mating success. Over two breeding seasons, LPS-injected males took significantly longer to secure matings than sham-injected virgin males. An encapsulation rate assay showed no difference in the encapsulation response of males of different mating status, but virgin males had significantly higher levels of phenoloxidase than non-virgin males. These results suggest that males trade off investment in reproduction and investment in immunity.

Synchronous Firing and Higher-Order Interactions in Neuron Pool

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-ichi Amari ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakahara ◽  
Si Wu ◽  
Yutaka Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Pairwise Interactions ◽  
Synchronous Firing ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Neuron Pool

The stochastic mechanism of synchronous firing in a population of neurons is studied from the point of view of information geometry. Higher-order interactions of neurons, which cannot be reduced to pairwise correlations, are proved to exist in synchronous firing. In a neuron pool where each neuron fires stochastically, the probability distribution q(r) of the activity r, which is the fraction of firing neurons in the pool, is studied. When q(r) has a widespread distribution, in particular, when q(r) has two peaks, the neurons fire synchronously at one time and are quiescent at other times. The mechanism of generating such a probability distribution is interesting because the activity r is concentrated on its mean value when each neuron fires independently, because of the law of large numbers. Even when pairwise interactions, or third-order interactions, exist, the concentration is not resolved. This shows that higher-order interactions are necessary to generate widespread activity distributions. We analyze a simple model in which neurons receive common overlapping inputs and prove that such a model can have a widespread distribution of activity, generating higher-order stochastic interactions.

An investigation into the behaviour of Anopheles parensis Gillies at Malindi on the Kenya coast

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Gillies ◽  
M. Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Late Night ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Average Catch ◽  
Evening Peak ◽  
Anopheles Parensis ◽  
Made In

In investigations made in January to November 1962, Anopheles parensis Gillies was found biting man in large numbers in a zone near Malindi, Kenya, in which house-spraying with DDT had been carried out between March 1961 and October 1962. Densities were greatest just outside villages, less so on the verandah of a house and least indoors. In one open type of unsprayed house, however, moderately large numbers were caught. The monthly average catch per night by two men was greatest (over 200) outdoors in July and August.Biting activity reached two peaks during the course of the night, catches in all situations being greatest during the two hours following sunset and the three hours preceding sunrise. The evening peak was highest in the outdoor catches, and the late-night peak in the indoor collections. A distinct influence of moonlight on the catches was observed, the early evening peak under certain conditions being greater during the moon's first quarter and the late-night peak during its last quarter.Numbers of examples were caught biting cattle, but owing to the absence of large herds of stock it is believed that most feeding took place on man. The proportion of nulliparous females was 64 per cent, in the sprayed zone and 50 per cent, in an unsprayed village, and in the latter the nulliparous rate in females resembling A. funestus Giles (the majority of which would have been that species) was 24 per cent. No specimen of A. parensis infected with sporozoites was found in the sprayed zone. In the unsprayed village, no infected glands were found in a small series dissected. Thus no evidence was obtained that A. parensis was acting as an exophilous vector of malaria in the sprayed zone. Moreover, in view of the high nulliparous rate observed in the unsprayed area, this species is considered unlikely to be of any importance under normal conditions.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUSI SPASIO-TEMPORAL POPULASI RAJUNGAN (Portunus pelagicus) BETINA MENGERAMI TELUR DI PERAIRAN PESISIR LAMPUNG TIMUR

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Zairion Zairion ◽  
Yusli Wardianto ◽  
Achmad Fahrudin ◽  
Mennofatria Boer
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Portunus Pelagicus ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
One Way Anova

Distribusi spasio-temporal populasi rajungan betina yang mengerami telur (BEF) telah dikaji di perairan pesisir Lampung Timur. Penelitian dilakukan pada tiga stratifikasi kedalaman perairan: <5 m (strata S1), antara 5-10 m (strata S2), dan >10 m (strata S3) serta empat sub-area (A1-A4) di setiap stratum dari bulan Maret 2012-Februari 2013. Kelimpahan populasi rajungan BEF diindikasikan dengan proporsi rajungan BEF/betina tidak mengerami telur (NBF) dan BEF/total individu. Perbedaan proporsi dianalisis dengan uji ANOVA satu arah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa proporsi rajungan BEF bervariasi secara spasial, ditemukan mulai dari strata S1 dan meningkat ke strata S3. Daerah pemijahan dan pembiakan yang dominan terdapat pada kedalaman air >5 m dan di sub-area A2 dan A3. Secara agregat, BEF ditemukan sepanjang tahun dengan dua puncak kelimpahan (Mei dan September-Oktober) sebagai puncakmusimpemijahan dan pembiakan. Proporsi rajungan BEF secara spasio temporal tumpang tindih dengan daerah penangkapan rajungan pada hampir semua musim. Diperlukan strategi pengelolaan pemanfataan yang sesuai untukmenunjang keberhasilan reproduksi, diantaranya penangkapan menggunakan alat yang dapat mempertahankan BEF dalam keadaan hidup selama terperangkap, kemudian melepaskannya atau memeliharanya di area tertentu sampai menetaskan telurnya sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi larva dan pada akhirnya dapat mempertahankan populasi dan stok.Spatial-temporal distribution of berried females (BEFs) Portunus pelagicus was studied in East Lampung coastal waters. An investigation was conducted at three water depth stratifications, i.e., less than 5 m (stratum S1), between 5-10 m (stratum S2) and more than 10 m (stratum S3), as well as four sub-areas (A1 A4) in each of stratifications from March 2012 to February 2013. The abundance of BEF population was indicated by their proportion to non-berried females (NBFs) and to the total individual crabs, while the differences among the results were tested by one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that the proportions of BEFs varied spatially, increased from stratum S1 to S3. Spawning and breeding seemed to dominantly occur at water depth more than 5 m and A2 and A3 sub-areas. BEFs were found throughout the year with two peaks of its occurrence, i.e. in May and in September to October, and those months were considered as peak of spawning and breeding seasons. The spatial and temporal occurrence of BEFs overlapped with crab fishing grounds in most fishing seasons. An appropriate fisheries management strategy is required for their reproduction success. Capturing crab by using eco-friendly fishing gear that render caught BEFs alive and releasing them or keeping them in certain area for hatching their eggs would enhance larvae production to maintain population and stock.

Seasonal foraging activity of stingless bee Tetragonula travancorica Shanas and Faseeh (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

ENTOMON ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-166
Author(s):  
Lincy Abraham ◽  
S. Shanas
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
North East ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Monsoon ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
West Monsoon

The foraging hive activity of stingless bee Tetragonula travancorica Shanas and Faseeh was studied from November 2018 to August 2019. The activity varied between the seasons, weather conditions and time hours of study. The outgoing and incoming pollen foragers exhibited two peaks in activity, from 0800-1200 h (first) and during 1500-1600 h (second). The activity of incoming non-pollen foragers displayed only one distinct peak between 1000-1200 h except during the southwest monsoon period. The greatest activity was recorded during the dry season (January-May), followed by the south-west monsoon (June-August) and north-east monsoon (November- December) seasons. Maximum overall activity was recorded during hotter months February, March and April while the lowest was observed in January and December. At any season or time, the number of incoming foragers without pollen was greater than pollen foragers.

Reproductive Isolation Between the Sunfish Lepomis gibbosus and L. macrochirus

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis W. Clark ◽  
Miles H. A. Keenleyside
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Interspecific Courtship ◽  
Ethological Isolation ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Reproductive isolation appeared to be complete between pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus) and bluegills (L. macrochirus) when equal numbers (1:1 sex ratio) were stocked in each of two similar ponds near London, Ontario, and observed during the breeding seasons of 1964 and 1965. Ethological isolation, through visual recognition of potential conspecific mates, was probably the major barrier to hybridization. Interspecific courtship and attempted spawning were not seen; intraspecific courtship and spawning were frequently observed. No clearly identifiable hybrids were found among large numbers of yearling and 2-year-old offspring collected in both ponds in 1965 and 1966.Pumpkinseeds began nesting about 3 weeks before bluegills, but spawning by the two species broadly overlapped in time both years. Individual pumpkinseeds occupied nests for an average of 18.5 days; bluegills for 8.7 days. Duration of pumpkinseed nest occupancy appeared to vary directly with surface water temperature, whether eggs or fry were in the nests or not, whereas bluegills tended to remain on nests containing eggs or fry, regardless of temperature fluctuations. Bluegills nested in deeper water and further from shore than pumpkinseeds, and bluegills tended to nest in colonies whereas pumpkinseeds did not. Interspecific differences were not found in nest site selection with respect to substrate or vegetation.

scholarly journals Coevolution of non-fertile sperm and female receptivity in a butterfly

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Wedell ◽  
Christer Wiklund ◽  
Jonas Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Refractory Period ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Female Remating ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Female Reproductive Traits

Sexual conflict can promote rapid evolution of male and female reproductive traits. Males of many polyandrous butterflies transfer nutrients at mating that enhances female fecundity, but generates sexual conflict over female remating due to sperm competition. Butterflies produce both normal fertilizing sperm and large numbers of non-fertile sperm. In the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi , non-fertile sperm fill the females' sperm storage organ, switching off receptivity and thereby reducing female remating. There is genetic variation in the number of non-fertile sperm stored, which directly relates to the female's refractory period. There is also genetic variation in males' sperm production. Here, we show that females' refractory period and males' sperm production are genetically correlated using quantitative genetic and selection experiments. Thus selection on male manipulation may increase the frequency of susceptible females to such manipulations as a correlated response and vice versa .

Feeding Behaviour and Food Availability of the Yellow-Bellied Glider in North Queensland.

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Quin ◽  
R Goldingay ◽  
S Churchill ◽  
D Engel
Keyword(s):  
Keystone Species ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
A Site ◽  
Feeding Observations

The diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) was examined at a site in north Queensland by extensive observation of individuals from 10 glider groups. The diet was assessed in four seasons over 12 months by collating large numbers of qualitative feeding observations and by analysis of faeces. Data were also collected on flowering and bark shedding in the forest. Sap feeding accounted for more than 80% of the feeding observations throughout the year. Nectar and pollen of eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) and banksias (Banksia spp.) accounted for much of the remainder of the diet although arthropods and honeydew were present in spring and summer. Faecal analysis was based on much smaller sample sizes but confirmed the qualitative result obtained from direct observations. It also revealed the presence of a wide variety of pollen types. Many of these could be attributed to incidental ingestion but at least six rain forest genera were moderately common in faeces, which is consistent with observations of brief and infrequent visits by gliders to these trees. Examination of eucalypt, banksia and other pollen types showed that 60-70% of pollen was devoid of cell contents, supporting earlier suggestions that gliders obtained protein from pollen digestion, but at this site also from harvesting arthropods. This study confirms the dependence of the yellow-bellied glider in north Queensland on the sap of the red stringybark (Eucalyptus resinifera) and that conservation of the yellow-bellied glider is intimately associated with the management of this tree species. The use of various species for nectar and pollen suggests that the yellow-bellied glider may be an important pollinator in these forests. Moreover, sap from the wounds created by gliders is used by a range of other animal species. These observations suggest that the yellow-bellied glider is likely to be a keystone species in the open-forest ecosystems of north Queensland and that it deserves special emphasis in management.

scholarly journals GENETIC VARIATION IN WEED SEED DORMANCY AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN CROPS: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan ◽  
Michael Thompson ◽  
Romesh Kumar Salgotra
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
High Level

Evolution in the seed dormancy depends on the presence of heritable variation in weed populations. This genetic variation in weeds arises because of abundant, grow rapidly, and produce large numbers of off springs. Compared with other plant species, populations of weed species frequently show limited genetic variation in seed dormancy due to colonization, extensive clonal propagation, inbreeding, and the relative environmental homogeneity. Nevertheless, populations of weed species contain substantial store of genetic variation and genetic differentiation for seed dormancy and other reproductive traits because of pervasive feature of widely distributed nature of weed species. As a result, high level of genetic diversity among the weeds is fostered by hybridization, habitat longevity, environmental heterogeneity, outcrossing and large population size. The objective of this review is to update the existing literature concerned with genetic variation in seed dormancy and reproductive traits in weeds.

Delayed timing of breeding attempts, but not time lost to nest construction, reduces the annual reproductive output of the Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe)

2021 ◽  
pp. 175815592110660
Author(s):  
Janice K Enos ◽  
Mark E Hauber ◽  
Zachary Aidala
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Nest Construction ◽  
Sayornis Phoebe ◽  
Initial Onset ◽  
Breeding Seasons

For many birds, nest construction is a costly aspect of parental care, trading finite energetic resources between parental care and self-maintenance. For multi-brooded organisms with short breeding seasons, such as migratory passerines, repeated nest construction could be especially costly if the activity delays the onset of breeding attempts. Earlier studies on passerines that reuse nests between breeding seasons suggested that time lost to initial nest construction reduces seasonal reproductive output. However, costs associated with building new nests between breeding attempts, within the same breeding season, have largely been ignored. Here, we experimentally removed first nests, after fledging or failing, of Eastern Phoebes ( Sayornis phoebe), to evaluate how the annual onset of breeding and nest construction between breeding attempts affected parental investment into second attempts. We found that first egg laying date negatively predicted the probability of second breeding attempts, but experimental treatment (first nest removal vs. control) did not. Neither first egg laying date nor treatment statistically influenced any of the reproductive traits in second breeding attempts (clutch size, nestling body condition, and nestling growth rate). We conclude that in this species, second breeding attempts are limited by the initial onset of seasonal reproduction, and not by time lost to nest construction between breeding attempts.

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