Philip Amuyunzu Mang’are
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Francis Ndiritu Gichuki
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Samwel Rotich
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Jacqueline K. Makatiani
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Bernard Rapando Wakhu
AbstractAnimals sounds have been mimicked in electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs) and exploited as a tool in the control of malaria by targeting the vector, the female Anopheles gambiae s.s. The claimed mosquito repellency of 30.3 % due to Anti-Pic®, an electronic mosquito repellent, had failed to be confirmed in subsequent studies. However, studies on mosquito startle based on initial behavioural activities without an attractant yielded 34.12 % repellency elicited by the 10-34 kHz recorded sound of O. tormota. Other malaria intervention measures involving the use of chemicals have been impeded by the pathogen and vector resistance hence slowing down the rate of decline of malaria morbidity and mortality. The research thus focused on the analytical study of the African female A. gambiae s.s repellency evoked by the 10-34 kHz recorded animal sound of male mosquito, Anopheles gambiae and Delphinapterus leucas. Landing rates and behavioural startle responses of the mated female A. gambiae on food attractant evoked by the individual sound of the male mosquito, A. gambiae, O. tormota and D. leucas were determined and analysed. The male and female A. gambiae were bred and reared under controlled laboratory conditions of 60-80 % humidity, 25±2 °C temperature with equal light-darkness hour cycle in KEMRI, entomology laboratories. Isolation of the male and female mosquitoes from a swarm was based on physical features and affinity to blood meal. The sounds of O. tormota and D. leucas were acquired and the sound of the male A. gambiae were recorded from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) entomology laboratory, Kisumu. The sounds were filtered into 10-34 kHz frequency band and analysed using Avisoft-SAS LAB Pro version 5.2 and Raven Pro 1.5 software. The sound of O. tormota was also studied. A fighto-Y glass cage well designed into control, neutral and treatment chambers was used in the study. Both control and treatment chambers were connected to blood meal maintained at 38.60°C. The treatment cage was also connected to the source of sound and a swarm of 50 female mosquitoes into the neutral cage and observed for 1,200 s. The sounds of the A. gambiae, O. tormota and D. leucas yielded 2.10, 2.20 and 3.00 landings/minute respectively associated with adverse behaviour. The protection index (PI) anchored on the number of mosquitoes that landed, probed and fed on the blood meal in the treatment and neutral cage for the sounds of the A. gambiae, O. tormota and D. leucas was 42.73 %, 40.24 % and 10.64 % respectively. The sound of the A. gambiae was characterised by steady and minimally dipped pulsate acoustic power with wide bandwidth. The protection index achieved by the sound of the male A. gambiae did not differ significantly from the sound of O. tormota (0.1740 > 0.05), though differed significantly from the sound emitted from the Anti-Pic® EMR (p = 5.3440 x 10−5).The author summaryPhilip Amuyunzu Mang’are is a PhD. Physics student in Egerton University. He has authored many papers and books. He is currently a Lecturer of Physics (Electronics), Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He is a member of the Biophysical Society and the current President of Biophysical society (Kenya). Prof. Ndiritu F. Gichuki, is a Professor of Physics Egerton University. Currently he is the Registrar Academic Affairs in Chuka University. His vast experience has seen him supervise many postgraduate students who have taken key positions in the society. Prof. Samwel Rotich is a Profesor of Physics in Moi University specialising in Electronics. He has a wide experience in Physics and Biophysics. He is a registered member of the Biophysical Society and the Patron of Biophysical Society Kenya Chapter. He has published many papers and supervised many postgraduate students. Dr. Makatiani Kubochi is a Lecturer in Moi University with vast experience in entomology. She has published many papers and supervised many postgraduate students. Dr. Rapando Bernard Wakhu is a renown theoretical Physicist with experience in acoustics and Fourier analysis based in Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. He has supervised many postgraduate students and published many papers.
Influence of Blood Meal Type on Reproductive Performance of the Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae)