From Immediate Release to Long Acting Drug Delivery Systems: What Do They Mean and Why Do They Matter?

Conventional drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one can not control the release of the drug and can not maintain effective concentration at the target site for longer time. Controlled drug delivery systems offer spatial control over the drug release. Osmotic pumps are most promising systems for controlled drug delivery. These systems are used for both oral administration and implantation. Osmotic pumps consist of an inner core containing drug and osmogens, coated with a semipermeable membrane. As the core absorbs water, it expands in volume, which pushes the drug solution out through the delivery ports. Osmotic pumps release drug at a rate that is independent of the pH and hydrodynamics of the dissolution medium. The historical development of osmotic systems includes development of the Rose-Nelson pump, the Higuchi-Leeper pumps, the Alzet and Osmet systems, the elementary osmotic pump, and the push-pull system. Recent advances include development of the controlled porosity osmotic pump, and systems based on asymmetric membranes. This paper highlights the principle of osmosis, materials used for fabrication of pumps, types of pumps, advantages, disadvantages, and marketed products of this system.

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Injectable Lipid-Based Depot Formulations: Where Do We Stand?

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12060567 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 567 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lisa Rahnfeld ◽

Paola Luciani

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

In Vitro Release ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

The Body ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Depot Formulation ◽

Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽

Long Acting

The remarkable number of new molecular entities approved per year as parenteral drugs, such as biologics and complex active pharmaceutical ingredients, calls for innovative and tunable drug delivery systems. Besides making these classes of drugs available in the body, injectable depot formulations offer the unique advantage in the parenteral world of reducing the number of required injections, thus increasing effectiveness as well as patient compliance. To date, a plethora of excipients has been proposed to formulate depot systems, and among those, lipids stand out due to their unique biocompatibility properties and safety profile. Looking at the several long-acting drug delivery systems based on lipids designed so far, a legitimate question may arise: How far away are we from an ideal depot formulation? Here, we review sustained release lipid-based platforms developed in the last 5 years, namely oil-based solutions, liposomal systems, in situ forming systems, solid particles, and implants, and we critically discuss the requirements for an ideal depot formulation with respect to the used excipients, biocompatibility, and the challenges presented by the manufacturing process. Finally, we delve into lights and shadows originating from the current setups of in vitro release assays developed with the aim of assessing the translational potential of depot injectables.

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Schizophrenia; A Review on Promising Drug Delivery Systems

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200523173102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (31) ◽

pp. 3871-3883

Author(s):

Ece Ö. Bülbül ◽

Ioannis D. Karantas ◽

Mehmet E. Okur ◽

Panoraia I. Siafaka ◽

Neslihan Ü. Okur

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Worldwide Population ◽

Second Generation Antipsychotics ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Long Acting ◽

First And Second Generation ◽

The Brain

Background: Schizophrenia belongs to mental illnesses affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Its therapy is still unmet; thus, researchers aimed to develop new pharmacological molecules which can improve its management. Methods: Moreover, the current typical and atypical antipsychotics should be formulated in more efficacious systems that can deliver the drug in the brain with as few side effects as possible. Further, the development of long-acting efficient drug delivery systems could be significant in minimizing frequent dosing which is nonpreferred to schizophrenics. Results: Herein, authors focused on current developments of antipsychotic medications used in schizophrenia management. Various studies, which include the use of first and second-generation antipsychotics, were analyzed according to their efficacy. In fact, in this review, oral, injectable, transdermal and intranasal formulations entrapped antipsychotics are presented to be valuable guidance for scientists to formulate more effective drug delivery systems for schizophrenic patients. Conclusions: This review aimed to assist researchers working on schizophrenia management by summarizing current medications and newly synthesized drug delivery systems recently found in the literature.

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