Migratory Behavior of Chinook Salmon Microjacks Reared in Artificial and Natural Environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-186
Author(s):  
Michael C. Hayes ◽  
Stephen P. Rubin ◽  
Reginald R. Reisenbichler ◽  
Lisa A. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Experimental Release

Abstract Emigration was evaluated for hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) microjacks (age-1 mature males) and immature parr (age-1 juveniles, both sexes) released from both a hatchery and a natural stream (fish released as fry). In the hatchery, volitional releases (∼14 to 15 months post-fertilization) to an adjacent river occurred during October–November. The hatchery release was monitored by using an experimental volitional release that diverted fish to a neighboring raceway. Fish captured during the experimental release (range 361–4,321 volitional migrants) were made up of microjacks and immature parr. Microjacks were found only in the migrant samples, averaged 18% (range 0–52%) of all migrants, and were rarely found in non-migrant samples. In comparison, immature parr were common in both the migrant and non-migrant samples. Microjacks were significantly longer (9%), heavier (36%), and had a greater condition factor (16%) than migrant immature parr (P < 0.01). In addition, they differed significantly (P < 0.01) from non-migrant immature parr; 10% longer, 44% heavier and 14% greater condition factor. In natural streams, microjacks were captured significantly earlier (P < 0.01) than immature parr during the late-summer/fall migration and comprised 9–89% of all fish captured. Microjacks have the potential to contribute to natural spawning populations but can also represent a loss of productivity to hatchery programs or create negative effects by introducing non-native genes to wild populations and should be monitored by fishery managers.

Introgressive hybridization among major Columbia River Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) lineages within the Klickitat River due to hatchery practices

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1876-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Hess ◽  
Andrew P. Matala ◽  
Joseph S. Zendt ◽  
Chris R. Frederiksen ◽  
Bill Sharp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Temporal Shift ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Relationship Of

Major lineages of anadromous salmonids show resilience to natural introgressive hybridization; however, Klickitat River spring-run Chinook salmon (KRSC, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) have an enigmatic origin because of their intermediate genetic and geographic relationship among Columbia River Chinook salmon lineages. We used computer simulations to evaluate four anthropogenic and natural processes as likely causes of the apparent introgressed genetic composition of KRSC: recent admixture (∼5 generations), historical admixture (>200 generations), isolation-by-distance gene flow, and natural selection. We also genotyped 2413 fish (32 collections) across 96 single nucleotide polymorphism loci to clarify the relationship of KRSC among the three major Columbia River lineages (Lower Columbia and interior ocean- and stream-types) and to quantify introgression among collections. Between 1980 and 2000, we observed a decline of pure interior stream-type individuals in the KRSC collections. This temporal shift in genetic composition was coincident with relevant changes in hatchery practices. Based on results from the simulations and time-series samples, a recent and anthropogenically caused admixture was most likely responsible for introgression of KRSC. Potential long-term negative effects of introgression may require some form of mitigation.

Ecological and genetic risks arising from reproductive interactions between wild and farmed Chinook salmon

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1691-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Lehnert ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Daniel D. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Genetic Risks ◽  
Xx Males

Escapes from aquaculture sites may threaten wild populations through ecological risks such as reproductive interference and genetic risks through successful hybridization. Mating studies examining wild–farmed interactions should quantify fertilization and reproductive success separately through genotyping of eggs and fry, respectively, to estimate ecological and genetic risks. We examined fertilization and reproductive success (fry survival to 158 and 201 days) of farmed (XY and XX males) and wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) males in competitive seminatural spawning channels with farmed females. XY and XX farmed males did not differ in fertilization and reproductive success. Farmed and wild males exhibited no difference in fertilization success; however, farmed males experienced significantly lower reproductive success relative to wild owing to differences in egg-to-fry survival because of competition with wild-sired offspring. Therefore, farmed males pose ecological risk to wild populations by removing reproductive opportunities from wild males, potentially reducing wild salmon productivity. However, low survival of farm-sired offspring will reduce further opportunities for interbreeding between wild and farm-raised fish. Nevertheless, research is needed to further quantify these genetic impacts.

Retrospective patterns of differential mortality and common year-effects experienced by spring and summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of the Columbia River

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2419-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B Deriso ◽  
David R Marmorek ◽  
Ian J Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
John Day

We used spawner–recruit data to estimate the instantaneous differential mortality (µ) experienced by seven Snake River spring and summer chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stocks relative to six lower Columbia River stocks. We applied 37 Ricker stock–recruit models to these data, incorporating different assumptions about measurement error, transport survival, intrinsic productivity, methods of estimating µ, and common year-effects that affect the survival of all stocks. Estimates of mean µ for the 12 best models ranged from 0.55 to 1.90 (mean of 1.09), implying that passage from Lower Granite Dam to John Day Dam reduced recruitment of 1970–1990 Snake River broods by an average of 42–85% (mean of 66%). Differential mortality was cyclical and moderately high in the 1970s brood years, low for 1980–1983, near average in 1984–1989, and high in 1990. Our empirical estimates of µ showed low bias and were between those produced by two mechanistic passage models. The best empirical models included common year-effects, which shifted from generally positive effects on 1952–1968 brood years to generally negative effects on 1970–1990 broods. Year-effects were not significantly correlated with two climate indices or with water travel time (the time that water takes to travel down the Columbia River).

Systematic hexamitid (Protozoa: Diplomonadida) Infection in seawater pen-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Kent ◽  
J Ellis ◽  
JW Fournie ◽  
SC Dawe ◽  
JW Bagshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha

scholarly journals Managed Wetlands Can Benefit Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Tidal Marsh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Aha ◽  
Peter B. Moyle ◽  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Andrew L. Rypel ◽  
John R. Durand
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Nursery Habitat ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

AbstractLoss of estuarine and coastal habitats worldwide has reduced nursery habitat and function for diverse fishes, including juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Underutilized off-channel habitats such as flooded rice fields and managed ponds present opportunities for improving rearing conditions and increasing habitat diversity along migratory corridors. While experiments in rice fields have shown enhanced growth rates of juvenile fishes, managed ponds are less studied. To evaluate the potential of these ponds as a nursery habitat, juvenile Chinook salmon (~ 2.8 g, 63 mm FL) were reared in cages in four contrasting locations within Suisun Marsh, a large wetland in the San Francisco Estuary. The locations included a natural tidal slough, a leveed tidal slough, and the inlet and outlet of a tidally muted managed pond established for waterfowl hunting. Fish growth rates differed significantly among locations, with the fastest growth occurring near the outlet in the managed pond. High zooplankton biomass at the managed pond outlet was the best correlate of salmon growth. Water temperatures in the managed pond were also cooler and less variable compared to sloughs, reducing thermal stress. The stress of low dissolved oxygen concentrations within the managed pond was likely mediated by high concentrations of zooplankton and favorable temperatures. Our findings suggest that muted tidal habitats in the San Francisco Estuary and elsewhere could be managed to promote growth and survival of juvenile salmon and other native fishes.

Analysis of straying variation in Alaskan hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following transplantation

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J Hard ◽  
William R Heard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Substantial Variation

In 1976 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gametes from the Chickamin and Unuk rivers in southeastern Alaska were transplanted 250 km to establish hatchery runs at Little Port Walter (LPW), Baranof Island. From 1977 to 1989, 1 862 058 marked smolts from 12 broods were released from LPW. Homing and straying were estimated from adult recoveries at 25 locations in Alaska and British Columbia between 1981 and 1989. Of 22 198 LPW fish recovered over this period, 21 934 (98.8%) were collected at LPW. Of 264 fish recovered elsewhere, 38.3% were within 7 km of LPW; 64.4% were within 25 km of LPW. No LPW fish were recovered from the ancestral rivers, but nine fish were recovered from rivers supporting wild chinook salmon. Straying declined with distance from the release site but varied between hatcheries and streams. Straying declined with increasing age and run size. Straying was similar between the populations but varied among broods, and analysis of straying in experimental groups provided evidence for a heritable component. Males strayed more often than females. Population, gender, run size, and recovery age interacted to produce substantial variation in straying, indicating that run composition can produce complex straying responses.

Route selection in a large river during the homing migration of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1752-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L Keefer ◽  
Christopher C Caudill ◽  
Christopher A Peery ◽  
Theodore C Bjornn
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Large River ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Efficient Route

Upstream-migrating adult salmon must make a series of correct navigation and route-selection decisions to successfully locate natal streams. In this field study, we examined factors influencing migration route selections early in the migration of 4361 radio-tagged adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as they moved upstream past dams in the large (~1 km wide) Columbia River. Substantial behavioral differences were observed among 11 conspecific populations, despite largely concurrent migrations. At dams, Chinook salmon generally preferred ladder passage routes adjacent to the shoreline where their natal tributaries entered, and the degree of preference increased as salmon proximity to natal tributaries increased. Columbia River discharge also influenced route choices, explaining some route selection variability. We suggest that salmon detect lateral gradients in orientation cues across the Columbia River channel that are entrained within tributary plumes and that these gradients in cues can persist downstream for tens to hundreds of kilometres. Detection of tributary plumes in large river systems, using olfactory or other navigation cues, may facilitate efficient route selection and optimize energy conservation by long-distance migrants.

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