Heat and Flow Simulation of the Khlong Thom Hot Spring Geothermal System, Krabi, Southern Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Duerrast ◽  
K. Pothaworn
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spring ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Southern Thailand

scholarly journals Geothermal Reservoir Identification based on Gravity Data Analysis in Rajabasa Area- Lampung

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Muh Sarkowi ◽  
Rahmat Catur Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Analysis ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Bouguer Anomaly ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Fault Structures ◽  
Reservoir Identification

Gravity research in the Rajabasa geothermal prospect area was conducted to determine geothermalreservoirs and faults as reservoir boundaries. The research includes spectrum analysis and separation of the Bouguer anomaly to obtain a residual Bouguer anomaly, gradient analysis using the second vertical derivative (SVD) technique to identify fault structures or lithological contact, and 3D inversion modeling of the residual Bouguer anomaly to obtain a 3D density distribution subsurface model. Analysis was performed based on all results with supplementary data from geology, geochemistry, micro-earthquake (MEQ) epicenter distribution map, and magnetotelluric (MT) inversion profiles. The study found 3 (three) geothermal reservoirs in Mount Balirang, west of Mount Rajabasa, and south of Pangkul Hot Spring, with a depth of around 1,000-1,500 m from the ground level. Fault structures and lithologies separate the three reservoirs. The location of the reservoir in the Balirang mountain area corresponds to the model data from MEQ, temperature, and magnetotelluric resistivity data. The heat source of the geothermal system is under Mount Rajabasa, which is indicated by the presence of high-density values (might be frozen residual magma), high-temperature values, and the high number of micro-earthquakes epicenters below the peak of Mount Rajabasa.

scholarly journals Chemical and isotopic signatures of hot springs from east-central Sonora State, Mexico: a new prospection survey of promissory low-to-medium temperature geothermal systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Almirudis ◽  
Edgar R. Santoyo-Gutiérrez ◽  
Mirna Guevara ◽  
Francisco Paz-Moreno ◽  
Enrique Portugal
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Reservoir Temperature ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
The Mean

A promissory low-to-medium temperature geothermal system located in Sonora (Mexico) has been studied. In the present work, a detailed geochemical survey was carried out to understand the hydrogeochemical signatures of hot spring waters. A field work campaign was conducted for collecting water samples from twelve hot springs placed in four major zones (NW, NE, C, and S). The collected samples were analysed by chemical and isotopic methods for determining their chemical (major and trace elements) and isotopic (18O/16O and D/H) compositions. Using geochemometric analyses of the fluid composition and fractionation, depletion and enrichment processes exhibited by major and trace elements were analysed. Hydrogeochemical classification was used to indicate the presence of sodium-sulphate (Na-SO4) waters in the North (NW and NE) and South hydrothermal zones; whereas calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate (Ca-Mg-HCO3) waters were identified for the Central zone. Some hot spring waters located in the NE zone were also typified as sodium-bicarbonate (Na-HCO3). In relation to the isotopic signatures of 18O/16O and D/H, four water samples from NE and C zones lie near to the global meteoric water line; whereas the remaining eight samples showed a shift for both oxygen and deuterium isotopes. A mixing line with a small shift of δ18O was identified and used as a proxy to discriminate waters with different isotopic signatures. After applying a geochemometric outliers detection/rejection and an iterative ANOVA statistical test, the mean temperature inferred from the most reliable solute geothermometers was 149±40 °C, which suggests to be considered as the minimum value of the reservoir temperature. As most of the hot spring waters fall outside of the full equilibrium curve, the original reservoir conditions were corrected by using a mixing conductive model, which predicted a deep equilibrium temperature of 210±11 °C. As this temperature is considerably higher than the mean temperature inferred from the geothermometers, it was suggested as an optimistic maximum reservoir temperature of the Sonora geothermal system. Using 150 °C and 200 °C as rounded-off reservoir temperatures (or min-max estimates), geochemical equilibria modelling based on fluid-mineral stability diagrams was carried out. An equilibrium process among local hydrothermal waters and albite-potassium feldespar and muscovite-prehnite-laumontite mineral assemblages was found. These minerals were proposed as representative mineral assemblages of low-grade metamorphism, which seems to indicate that the geothermal fluid equilibria were probably reached within the intermediate to acidic volcanic rocks from the Tarahumara Formation.

scholarly journals Natural State Modeling of Singapore Geothermal Reservoir

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Hendrik Tjiawi ◽  
Andrew C. Palmer ◽  
Grahame J. H. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Geothermal Reservoir ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Engineered Geothermal System

 The existence of hot springs coupled with the apparent anomalous high heat flow has sparked interest in the potential for geothermal development in Singapore. This geothermal resource may be potentially significant and could be exploited through Engineered Geothermal System (EGS) technology, i.e. a method to create artificial permeability at depth in granitic or sandstone formations as found under Singapore. The apparently ever-increasing fossil fuel price has made the cost of using the EGS technology more viable than it was in the past. Thus, to assess the resource, a numerical model for the geothermal reservoir has been constructed. Mass and heat flows in the system are simulated in 2D with AUTOUGH2.2, and the graphical interface processed through MULGRAPH2.2. Natural state calibration was performed to match both the observed and the expected groundwater profile, and also to match the hot water upflow at the Sembawang hot spring, with simulated flowrate matching the hot spring natural flowrate. The simulation gives an encouraging result of 125 - 150 °C hot water at depth 1.25 – 2.75 km.

Regional structures influencing the groundwater geochemistry around geothermal springs: A case study from Padiyathalawa, Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilshan Bandara ◽  
Thomas Heinze ◽  
Mahinda Premathilake ◽  
Stefan Wohnlich
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Geothermal Water ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Geothermal Springs ◽  
Distribution Maps

<p>Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater plays an important role in understanding the characteristics of a geothermal system. Mixing zones of geothermal deep waters and shallow groundwater can be identified through chemical distribution maps and help identify geothermal flow paths. The flow paths can be used to calculate the chemical values of the geothermal water leading to a characterization of the heat source. In combination with knowledge about regional structures, the geochemical distribution can further reveal unknown geothermal zones.</p><p>In the present study, the geochemical distribution of the groundwater is studied from samples collected from shallow and deep wells, with special reference to the regional structures present in the terrain. The study area was selected as a 20 • 20 km area centered around the Padiyathalawa hot spring field in Sri Lanka. From the results, two main geochemical anomalous zones are identified, especially with the increased values of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and Sulphate distribution maps. Those two zones include the hot spring itself as well as an area in ~10 km distance in the NE direction from the hot spring. Both zones are characterized by crosscutting structures of dolerite dykes and shear zones. Due to the shear zones, there are deep-seated fractures facilitating water flow from deeper layers towards the surface. This uprising water mixes with the shallow groundwater, affecting the general geochemical values of the shallow groundwater system.</p><p>Common minerals in Dolerite in Sri Lanka are Pyroxenes, Feldspar, Ilmenite, Magnetite, and Pyrite with minor amounts of other minerals. The increased EC values in both before mentioned zones relate with higher amounts of iron due to dissolution and mixing processes in regions with fractured Dolerite. Similarly, the increased concentration of Sulphates in the groundwater can be related to Pyrite from the fractured Dolerite, as microbial oxidization of Pyrite leads to origin of Sulphates. The increase of TDS can be interpreted as shallow water mixing with deep geothermal water, which contains a higher amount of minerals from the fractured dolerites.</p><p>The similar geochemical anomalies in those two zones can be associated with cross-cutting Dolerite dikes and existing faults in the shear zones at greater depth, subsequently mixing uprising deep geothermal water with shallow groundwater. A similar geochemistry and tectonic setting suggest similar flow paths from the underground and therefore also similar geothermal conditions at both spots. However, due to the rural and remote region, only one of the two before mentioned areas is known as a hot spring field. Thermal signatures dissipate much more quickly in the shallow groundwater than the mineral composition and might not be significant for measurement. Geochemical signatures of groundwater can therefore be a substantial help to locate geothermal springs, identify source mechanisms and characterize fluid flow paths.</p>

scholarly journals The conceptual model of Wae Sano Geothermal field based on geology and geochemistry data

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Fajar Rizki Widiatmoko ◽  
Mochammad Nur Hadi ◽  
Dedi Kusnadi ◽  
Sachrul Iswahyudi ◽  
Fadlin Fadlin
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Water Type ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rock Alteration

Wae Sano volcano is included in the inner Banda arc, Mount Wae Sano is a type C volcano and formed the Sano Nggoang crater lake. The magmatism activity produces geothermal manifestations such as; hot spring, rock alteration, and sulfur deposits, the hottest water temperature is 81 0C, with neutral pH, but the Sano Nggoang Lake water has acid pH. It becomes interesting to examine the characteristics of the geothermal system in that area. The research was conducted by Volcanostratigraphic studies to reconstruct the geological process and Geochemical sampling of hot springs, lake water, ground air, and the soil side to understand the subsurface characterization. The result showing some period of volcano products, with the youngest come from the product of Sano Nggoang 2 that spills its product to on the north-east side of Poco Dedeng volcano. The geochemical analysis shows all manifestations originate from one reservoir, chloride water type, NaCl type of the lake water with a few SO4 influence, presumably, the hot springs supply is influenced by seawater, the estimation of the reservoir has a temperature about ± 230 0C, with dacite and the rich organic sedimentary rock, and located at ± 1456 m from the manifestation, the isothermal section shows the rate of temperature increase at 97.07 m / 10 0C. The hypothetical resource is counted about 1,488.6 kWe.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemistry of Natar and Cisarua Hot springs in South Lampung, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Mochamad Iqbal ◽  
Bella Restu Juliarka ◽  
Wijayanti Ashuri ◽  
Bilal Al Farishi
Keyword(s):  
Metamorphic Rock ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
13C Isotope ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Quaternary Volcanic Rock

Natar Hot Spring is one of the geothermal manifestations that is located in Lampung Province, Indonesia. About 6 km to the east, another hot spring appears with temperature around 40°C with neutral pH called Cisarua Hot Spring. The Natar Hot Spring itself having temperature 47-54°C with 6.23 pH. Based on the geologic map, the appearance of these hot spring is caused by Lampung-Panjang Fault which trending northwest-southeast. Morphology of the research area is showing a flat terrain topography which composed of Quaternary volcanic rock and metamorphic rock in the basement. The nearest volcano that expected to be the heat source of the geothermal system is the Quaternary extinct volcano called Mt. Betung which is located about 15 km to the southwest. The aim of the study is to analyze the geochemistry of the manifestations and calculate the reservoir temperature. Geochemistry analysis result shows both manifestations are bicarbonate which is formed as a steam-heated water or steam condensates. Geothermometer calculation shows that the geothermal reservoir has temperature 150-160°C with approximately 300 m in depth. All manifestations are originated from meteoric water according to stable isotope analysis D and δ18O data and interacting with carbonate-metamorphic rock beneath the surface based on 13C isotope value. A further geophysics study is needed to determine where the heat comes from.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK FLUIDA DAN GAS PANAS BUMI SEBAGAI PENGARUH PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS VULKANIK GUNUNGAPI SLAMET (Characteristic Of Geothermal Fluid And Gas Induced By Increased Volcanic Activity Of Slamet Volcano)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamay Surmayadi
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spring ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Volcanic Earthquake ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Fluid ◽  
High Enthalpy ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Volcano Seismicity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Calcite Saturation

AbstrakSejak awal Maret 2014 status aktifitas Gunungapi Slamet di Jawa Tengah dinaikan dari Normal menjadi Waspada seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah gempa vulkanik. Seismisitas Gunungapi Slamet memperlihatkan gempa letusan 1106 kejadian dan gempa hembusan 6857 per hari.  Sementara itu,  gempa vulkanik dalam hanya terekam 2 kali selama periode Maret – Agustus 2014. Sumber gempa berada pada kedalaman antara 1 - 2 km di bawah kawah Gunungapi Slamet sebagai indikasi gempa permukaan. Peningkatan aktifitas vulkanik Slamet menghasilkan pelepasan gas CO2 yang berpengaruh terhadap fluida panas bumi yang ditunjukan dengan terjadinya perubahan keasaman air dari normal menjadi alkalin, pembentukan bualan gas CO2 pada air panas Pancuran 3 di Baturraden, dan peningkatan saturasi kalsit.  Bualan gas CO2 menjadi indikasi terjadinya proses pendidihan pada temperatur 273 C pada kedalaman 454 m di bawah permukaan laut. Kondisi ini menjadikan temperatur reservoir lebih tinggi sebagai indikasi sistem panas bumi Gunungapi Slamet merupakan sistem panas bumi aktif bertemperatur tinggi. Kata kunci : gempa permukaan, fluida panas bumi, bualan gas, saturasi kalsitAbstractSince the beginning of March 2014 the status of activities Slamet volcano in Central Java has been declared from Normal becomes Alert due to significant increase in the number of volcanic earthquakes. Slamet volcano seismicity shows eruption earthquakes as many as 1106, and gas emission earthquakes as many as 6857 events per day. Meanwhile, the deep volcanic earthquake recorded only 2 times during the period March to August 2014. The hypocentre of these earthquake was at a depth of 1-2 km below Slamet volcano crater as an indication of the surface earthquakes.Increased magmatic activity resulted in the release of CO2 gas effect on the geothermal fluid which is indicated by changes in water acidity from normal to alkaline, formation of CO2 bubble gas on Pancuran 3 hot spring at Baturraden area, and calcite saturation enhancement. The presence of CO2 bubble gas is indication of boiling at temperatures 273 C at a depth of 454 m below sea level. This condition makes the reservoir temperature becomes higher as indication that the geothermal system of Slamet volcano is active geothermal systems with high temperature (high enthalpy).Keywords: surface earthquake, geothermal fluid, bubble gas.

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