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2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilin Li ◽  
Ciping Zhao ◽  
Yun Wang ◽  
Yiying Zhou ◽  
Hua Ran

The Simao Basin is characterized by strong tectonic activity and frequent seismicity. This study investigated the hydrochemical characteristics of 21 thermal springs in the Simao Basin from 2018 to 2020. In this study period, the 2018 Mojiang M5.9 earthquake caused several hydrochemical changes. The results indicate that the Simao Basin contained saline spring waters, HCO3−-rich spring waters, and SO42−-rich spring waters. In the study area, the water chemistry types were controlled by stratum lithology. Saline springs flowed through red beds and dissolved large amounts of halite, which is a rich source of Cl−and Na+ ions. In the hot spring waters, Ca2+ (Mg2+) and HCO3− were mainly derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, gypsum, and anhydrite of Triassic rocks. The higher SO42- content in the hot spring waters was caused by the pyrite present in Ailaoshan metamorphic rocks. The reservoir temperatures (121–289 °C) in the Simao Basin were estimated by the silica-enthalpy mixing model equation and the silica-enthalpy diagram. The hot springs had higher reservoir temperatures (>250 °C) and were mainly located at the edges of the basin. Metamorphic rocks exposed in the region had low permeabilities and these springs was close to nearby deep faults that provided deep heat. In most springs, the concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3− ions increased obviously before the 2018 Mojiang M5.9 earthquake; however, the concentrations of these ions decreased after the earthquake. The hydrogeochemical variations might be attributed to the vigorous water-rock interactions and the mixing of secondary fluids. The entry of cold shallow groundwater caused changes in the reservoir temperatures of some spring samples.


2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Hye Won Kim ◽  
Na Kyung Kim ◽  
Alex P. R. Phillips ◽  
David A. Parker ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  

Verrucomicrobiotal methanotrophs are thermoacidophilic methane oxidizers that have been isolated from volcanic and geothermal regions of the world. We used a metagenomic approach that entailed obtaining the whole genome sequence of a verrucomicrobiotal methanotroph from a microbial consortium enriched from samples obtained from Nymph Lake (89.9 °C, pH 2.73) in Yellowstone National Park in the USA. To identify and reconstruct the verrucomicrobiotal genome from Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing data, we constructed a bioinformatic pipeline with various combinations of de novo assembly, alignment, and binning algorithms. Based on the marker gene (pmoA), we identified and assembled the Candidatus Methylacidiphilum sp. YNP IV genome (2.47 Mbp, 2392 ORF, and 41.26% GC content). In a comparison of average nucleotide identity between Ca. Methylacidiphilum sp. YNP IV and Ca. Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV, its closest 16S rRNA gene sequence relative, is lower than 95%, suggesting that Ca. Methylacidiphilum sp. YNP IV can be regarded as a different species. The Ca. Methylacidiphilum sp. YNP IV genome assembly showed most of the key genes for methane metabolism, the CBB pathway for CO2 fixation, nitrogen fixation and assimilation, hydrogenases, and rare earth elements transporter, as well as defense mechanisms. The assembly and reconstruction of a thermoacidophilic methanotroph belonging to the Verrucomicrobiota phylum from a geothermal environment adds further evidence and knowledge concerning the diversity of biological methane oxidation and on the adaptation of this geochemically relevant reaction in extreme environments.


2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Terada ◽  
Muga Yaguchi ◽  
Takeshi Ohba

Regular sampling of lake water has been performed at many volcanoes to assess the state of volcanic activity. However, it is not clear whether the absolute concentrations or, instead, rate of changes in concentrations are more suitable for such assessments. In this study, we show that temporal changes in concentrations of an element in lake water are described by a simple differential equation, assuming changes in lake volume and chemical processes are negligible. The time constants (63% response time for changes in the chemical concentration in lake water) have a wide range varying between 20 and 1,000 days for the studied volcanoes in Japan, meaning it takes a long time to assess volcanic activity based on the absolute concentration of an element. In order to assess the volcanic activity in a shorter time period, based on a time-series of lake element concentration data, we developed a numerical model to calculate temporal changes in the steady-state concentration, which is proportional to the elemental concentrations of the bulk hydrothermal fluid injected from subaqueous fumaroles and hot springs. We applied our method to Yugama crater lake at Kusatsu–Shirane volcano, Japan, and quantitatively evaluated temporal changes in the hydrothermal input from 1964 to 2020. As a result, we detected changes in the Cl concentrations of the bulk hydrothermal input that were associated with unrest including the phreatic eruption in 1976 and earthquake swarms in 1989–1992 and 2014–2020. The future concentration in the lake water can be predicted from the most recent steady-state concentrations. Comparing the predicted concentration curve with the concentration obtained from lake water samples, it is possible to quickly assess whether the concentration of the bulk hydrothermal input has increased/decreased or remained constant.


Geofluids ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Xiwei Qin ◽  
Haizhou Ma ◽  
Xiying Zhang ◽  
Xiasong Hu ◽  
Guorong Li ◽  
...  

The Nangqen and Qamdo (NQ-QD) basins in China have very rich geothermal and brine resources. The origin and spatiotemporal evolutionary processes of its hot and saline springs however remain unclear. Geochemical and isotopic (18O, 2H, 3H) studies have therefore been conducted on the water from the geothermal and saline springs in the NQ-QD Basin. All saline springs in the study area are of the Na-Cl geochemical type while geothermal waters show different geochemical types. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the springs in the NQ-QD Basin are primarily controlled by meteoric water or ice-snow melt water and are influenced by rock-water interactions. It is found that the saline springs in the study area are derived from the dissolution of halite and sulfate that occur in the tertiary Gongjue red bed, while the hot springs in the QD Basin are greatly influenced by the dissolution of carbonatites and sulfates from the Bolila (T3b) and Huakaizuo (J2h) formations. Results from silica geothermometry and a silicon-enthalpy hybrid model indicate that the apparent reservoir temperatures and reservoir temperatures for the hot springs in the QD Basin range from 57–130°C to75–214°C, respectively. Deuterium analysis indicates that most of the hot springs are recently recharged rain water. Furthermore, the saline springs have a weaker groundwater regeneration capacity than the hot springs. Tritium data shows that the ranges of calculated residence times for springs in this study are 25 to 55 years, and that there is a likelihood that hot springs in the QD Basin originated from two different hydrothermal systems. The geochemical characteristics of the NQ-QD springs are similar to those of the Lanping-Simao Basin, indicating similar solute sources. Thus, the use of water isotope analyses coupled with hydrogeochemistry proves to be an effective tool to determine the origin and spatiotemporal evolution of the NQ-QD spring waters.


2022 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nibendu Mondal ◽  
Aditya Peketi ◽  
Tarunendu Mapder ◽  
Chayan Roy ◽  
Aninda Mazumdar ◽  
...  

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Huiling Zhou ◽  
Xiaocheng Zhou ◽  
Hejun Su ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Fengli Liu ◽  
...  

The Weixi–Qiaohou Fault (WQF) is considered an important zone of the western boundary of the Sichuan–Yunnan block, and its seismicity has attracted much attention after a series of moderate–strong earthquakes, especially the Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake that occurred on 21 May 2021. In the present research, we investigate major and trace elements, as well as hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, of 10 hot springs sites located along the WQF, which are recharged by infiltrated precipitation from 1.9 to 3.1 km. The hydrochemical types of most analyzed geothermal waters are HCO3SO4-Na, SO4Cl-NaCa, and SO4-Ca, proving that they are composed of immature water and thus are characterized by weak water–rock reactions. The heat storage temperature range was from 44.1 °C to 101.1 °C; the circulation depth was estimated to range between 1.4 and 4.3 km. The results of annual data analysis showed that Na+, Cl−, and SO42− in hot springs decreased by 11.20% to 23.80% north of the Yangbi Ms5.1 earthquake, which occurred on 27 March 2017, but increased by 5.0% to 28.45% to the south; this might be correlated with the difference in seismicity within the fault zone. The results of continuous measurements of NJ (H1) and EYXX (H2) showed irregular variation anomalies 20 days before the Yangbi Ms6.4 earthquake. In addition, Cl− concentration is more sensitive to near-field seismicity with respect to Na+ and SO42−. We finally obtained a conceptual model on the origin of groundwater and the hydrogeochemical cycling process in the WQF. The results suggest that anomalies in the water chemistry of hot spring water can be used as a valid indicator of earthquake precursors.


2022 ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
LARRY D. AGENBROAD
Keyword(s):  

mSystems ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trinity L. Hamilton ◽  
Jeff Havig

Hot spring cyanobacteria have long been model systems for examining ecological diversification as well as characterizing microbial adaptation and evolution to extreme environments. These studies have reported cyanobacterial diversification in hot spring outflow channels that can be defined by distinct temperature ranges.


Ethnohistory ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Jajuan Johnson

Context The oral history interview with Mr. Elmer Beard, a longtime political activist, politician, and educator, is part of a series of interviews for a study on Black church burnings, arsons, and vandalism from 2008 to 2016. Mr. Beard gives historical context to recent Black church arson with a focus on the mysterious burning of Roanoke Baptist Church in Hot Springs, Arkansas, on 22 December 1963. On 9 March 2018, the interview took place in Hot Springs at the current church site. The dialogue starts with biographical questions and evolves into details about Mr. Beard’s experience growing up in a racially segregated society, particularly in south-central Arkansas.


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