Structural Analysis
This chapter develops the components required for successful modelling of temporary structures. It presents the principles, methods and the associated limitations that currently are seen as the state-of-the-art in structural analysis using the Finite Element Method. Material models of steel, aluminium and bamboo are presented with an emphasis on linear and multilinear models for steel and the Ramberg-Osgood model for aluminium. Models are presented for braces, props, beam-to-column connections, top connections, base connections and column-to-column connections based on the latest theoretical and experimental procedures developed by the authors and co-workers. Examples of two and three dimensional models are then developed for access scaffolds, bridge falsework and bamboo scaffolds. Finally, the chapter presents information on the effects of ground modelling and on advanced wind engineering using complex numerical methods.