CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D-PRINTING FILAMENT WITH EXTRUDER MELTING TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR BONE IMPLANT FROM KUPANG SHELL

<p><em>The number of bone damage in Indonesia continues to increase. Bone implant is one of the medical treatment methods performed on bone damage. Organic and non-organic materials can be used as bone implants. Non-organic materials are stronger, but not biocompatible, while organic materials are biocompatible, but brittle. The addition of polycaprolactone polymer (PCL) can increase the mechanical strength of 3D printing bone implant filaments. Extruder melting temperature is one of the factors that affect the quality of PCL-HAp filaments for bone implants. Studies related to temperature variations in PCL-HAp materials have not been widely studied. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize 3D printing filaments with variations in the melting temperature of the extruder as bone implants from mussel shells with temperature variables of 65^oC, 75^oC, and 85^oC. From this study, the optimum point was found at the melting extruder temperature of 75^oC with the results of a diameter of 1.810 and mechanical strength which showed an increase in tensile strength and Young's modulus of PCL-HAp composite in all variables compared to pure PCL. The SEM test showed a rough surface on the filaments that could increase the proliferation and adhesion of good cells for the growth of bone tissue.</em></p>

Bone Damage during Dental Implant Insertion: A Pilot Study Combining Strain Gauge and Histologic Analysis

Besides alveolar bone quality, the drilling protocol applied in conjunction with the design of an implant are the major determinants of primary implant stability. Surgical trauma and bone compression resulting from implant insertion may constitute one cause for marginal bone resorption. Inserting two current bone-level implant designs (Astra; Straumann; n = 5) in bovine ribs, primary stability, strain development on the buccal bone plate and histologic signs of bone damage were recorded. Besides comparing the implant designs (Welch t-tests), all measurement parameters were checked for potential correlations (Pearson product moment correlation coefficients) with the level of significance set at α = 0.05. Considerable numbers of crack formation and plastic deformation of bone were observed after implant insertion. Straumann implants showed slightly greater values for insertion torque (p = 0.772), strain development (p = 0.893) and implant stability (p = 0.642). Significantly greater bone to implant contact (cortical p = 0.014; trabecular p = 0.016) was observed in Straumann implants, while Astra implants caused a significantly greater number of microcracks in cortical bone (p = 0.020). In Straumann implants, insertion torque correlated with bone to implant contact in the cortical area (p = 0.029) and the number of macrocracks in trabecular bone correlated with bone to implant contact (p = 0.029). In Astra implants, insertion torque and bone to implant contact in the trabecular area correlated (p = 0.007) as well as the number of macrocracks in trabecular bone and implant stability (p = 0.016). Additionally, in the area of cortical bone, the number of macrocracks correlated with bone to implant contact (p = 0.019). Implant placement results in bone damage of varying magnitude, which is governed by the drill protocol, implant macrodesign and bone quality.

Comparison of Behavioral Time Budget and Welfare Indicators in Two Local Laying Hen Genotypes (Atak-S and Atabey) in a Free-Range System

Free-range systems are considered to improve bird health and welfare, thereby satisfying consumer demands. Behavioral time budget, fear level and clinical welfare indicators were compared for two Turkish laying hen genotypes, Atak-S (brown) and Atabey (white), reared in a free-range system. A total of 420 laying hens (210 Atak-S, 210 Atabey) were studied between 19 and 72 weeks of age. Higher percentages of eating and drinking behavior, feather pecking, and explorative pecking were observed for Atak-S hens, whereas Atabey hens were preening, walking–standing, and resting more. The duration of tonic immobility was longer, and the number of inductions was lower in Atabey compared with Atak-S hens. Atabey hens had less keel bone damages and better plumage conditions on the breast, wing, and tail at 56 and 72 weeks of age than Atak-S hens. Footpad dermatitis was more common in Atabey hens at 40 weeks, whereas Atak-S hens had a higher prevalence of footpad dermatitis with moderate lesions at 72 weeks of age. These findings indicate that free-range Atak-S hens may be more prone to keel bone damage and development of feather pecking, but they showed less foot lesions and were less fearful.

The Link between Periodontal Disease and Oral Cancer—A Certainty or a Never-Ending Dilemma?

Periodontal disease can have a substantial systemic influence on the body that extends beyond the oral cavity and can lead to local inflammation, bone damage, and tooth loss. A great number of studies suggest that periodontitis and oral cancer are linked, however it is unclear if specific periodontal bacteria promote the development of systemic illness. The mediators of the relationship between those two pathologies are still being discovered, but the research findings indicate the existence of a correlation. Additional research, including confounding factors, is needed to strengthen this link.

CT-derived relationship between low relative muscle mass and bone damage in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing stem cells transplantation

Objectives: Sarcopenia or low muscle mass is related to worse prognosis in cancer patients. We investigated whether muscle mass is related to bone damage on Computed Tomography in patients with multiple myeloma. Methods: Approval from the institutional review board was obtained. N = 74 consecutive patients (mean age, 60.8 years ± 9.24 [standard deviation]; range, 36–89 years) for MM who underwent transplant were included. Sarcopenia cut-off points defined as Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) used were <41 cm2/m2. To assess bone damage in MM the MSBDS (Myeloma Spine and Bone Damage Score) was used. One-way analysis of variance and the X2 test were used. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to generate progression and survival curves according to SMI and MSBDS. The testing level was set at 0.05. Results: The median SMI was 47.1 ± 14.2 and according to SMI 18/74 (24%) had sarcopenia which was more prevalent in female s(p.001). A strong and significant association between patients with low muscle mass and elevated bone damage (24/74, 32.4%) and patients with normal/non-low muscle mass low bone damage (30/74, 40.5%) was present. Multiple Logistic regression did not show any significant relationship or confounding influence among SMI and MSBDS regarding sex (p.127), cytogenetic status (p.457), staging (p.756) and relapse (.126). Neither SMI nor MSBDS resulted significantly related to overall survival as shown in Kaplan–Meier analysis. Conclusions: Sarcopenia and bone damage affected MM patients undergoing stem cell transplantation and are significantly associated. Advances in knowledge: Quantitative measurement of sarcopenia and bone damage on CT resulted present in MM patients undergoing stem cell transplantation and are significantly associated.

Proinflammatory Microenvironment During Kingella kingae Infection Modulates Osteoclastogenesis

Kingella kingae is an emerging pathogen that causes septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia in children from 6 to 48 months of age. The presence of bacteria within or near the bone is associated with an inflammatory process that results in osteolysis, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms involved are largely unknown. To determine the link between K. kingae and bone loss, we have assessed whether infection per se or through the genesis of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment can promote osteoclastogenesis. For that purpose, we examined both the direct effect of K. kingae and the immune-mediated mechanism involved in K. kingae-infected macrophage-induced osteoclastogenesis. Our results indicate that osteoclastogenesis is stimulated by K. kingae infection directly and indirectly by fueling a potent pro-inflammatory response that drives macrophages to undergo functional osteoclasts via TNF-α and IL-1β induction. Such osteoclastogenic capability of K. kingae is counteracted by their outer membrane vesicles (OMV) in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, this model allowed elucidating the interplay between the K. kingae and their OMV to modulate osteoclastogenesis from exposed macrophages, thus contributing to the modulation in joint and bone damage.

Lower Leg Injury Mechanism Investigation During an IED Blast Under a Vehicle Using an Anatomic Leg Model

Attacks with improvised explosive device (IED) constituted the main threat to, for example, Polish soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. Improving safety during transport in an armored vehicle has become an important issue. The main purpose of the presented research is to investigate the mechanism of lower leg injuries during explosion under an armored vehicle. Using a numerical anatomic model of the lower leg, the analysis of the leg position was carried out. In all presented positions, the stress limit of 160 (MPa) was reached, which indicates bone damage. There is a difference in stress distribution in anatomic elements pointing to different injury mechanisms.

Abnormal Bone Metabolism May Be a Primary Causative Factor of Keel Bone Fractures in Laying Hens

Keel bone damage negatively affects the welfare, production performance, egg quality, and mobility of laying hens. This study aimed to investigate whether abnormal bone metabolism causes keel bone damage in laying hens. Eighty Hy-line Brown laying hens were housed in eight furnished cages with 10 birds per cage and studied from 18 to 29 weeks of age (WOA). Accordingly, keel bone status was assessed at 18, 22, 25, and 29 WOA using the X-ray method, and the serum samples of laying hens with normal keel (NK), deviated keel (DK), and fractured keel (FK) that occurred at 29 WOA were collected across all the time-points. Subsequently, the serum samples were used to measure markers related to the metabolism of Ca and P and activities of osteoblast and osteoclast. The results showed that FK laying hens had lighter bodyweight than NK and DK birds throughout the trial (p < 0.05), while the keel bone length and weight were not different in NK, DK, and FK hens at 29 WOA (p > 0.05). Moreover, bone hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining indicated that damaged keel bone had evident pathological changes. In the FK hens, serum P level was reduced but serum 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) levels were elevated compared to NK hens (p < 0.05). Additionally, DK hens had higher levels of serum 1,25-(OH)2D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT), and lower level of serum 25-OHD3 than the NK birds (p < 0.05). Furthermore, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), TRAP, and corticosterone (CORT) levels were elevated in DK and FK hens compared to NK hens (p < 0.05). The levels of serum Ca, P, PTH, ALP, TRAP, OPG, OC, and CORT in laying hens fluctuated with the age of the birds. Generally, the results of this study indicate that keel bone damage, especially fractures, could be associated with abnormal bone metabolism in laying hens.