Crowding-Out Effect in the European Union and Candidate Country Turkey

2017 ◽  
pp. 186-196
Author(s):  
Binhan Elif Yılmaz ◽  
Ferda Yerdelen Tatoğlu ◽  
Sinan Ataer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Candidate Country ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
The Government ◽  
Academic Argument

The effects of the government investments and private sector investments on the production, is an important academic argument subject between the Neo-classical school and the Keynesian school. Subject to the financing way of the government sector investments, accruing possibility of private sector investments decreases and crowding-out effect occurs with the behaviours of government sector which restricting the investment area of private sector or changing the investments plans. On the other hand Keynesian economist suggest that the economy is not always in the full employment level. By the hand of Keynesian multiplier mechanism which is increasing the public expenditures and decreasing the taxes, private sector would enhance its investments and crowding-in effect occurs. In this study, we aimed to test the existence of crowding out/in effects of the public sector investments on the private investments in the European Union and a candidate country Turkey with the panel causality tests, over the period 1970-2014.

Prospects for architects in the Government Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Disha Garg ◽  
Kartik Sharma ◽  
Parul Nayar ◽  
Shubhi Goyal ◽  
Shruti S Nagdeve
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Private Practices ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
The Government

Purpose: With the conception of one’s professional life, it is essential to understand all the possibilities and opportunities that lie before them. In the case of architecture, there exists a bias towards the private sector where newly graduate students aspire to work in private practices and possibly even envision a practice of their own at a certain point in life. While there is nothing wrong with envisioning a future in the private sector, it is also essential to be aware about the public sector and understand the opportunities it provides to be able to make an informed decision. There is a preconceived notion about the monotonous nature of government jobs and a lack of awareness about students about the opportunities in this sector. Hence, it becomes crucial to understand the numerous opportunities this sector has to offer and thus, explore the potential of architects in government organizations. Methodology: The research for this paper has been done by referring to existing literature and interviews with concerned people. With an understanding of how and why is the government sector an essential  area of research for budding architects and planners. The research was done through interviews and possible case studies was done based on review of existing literature. Main Findings: The government is one sector with tremendous possibilities in the realm of architecture but is often plagued with stereotypes and preconceptions which have emerged over the years. It is imagined to be “lazy”, “uninnovative” and “non-productive” but this sector has evolved over the recent years and is now shaping to be one of the more lucrative sectors for practice. The number of perks, benefits and a clear comparative advantage of a higher salary, added with the direct contribution towards serving the nation, the government sector clearly has an unrealised potential for architectural professionals. Implications: With younger architetcs having preconceived notions about role of architetcs in a government sector limited to unexciting set of designs without creativity, this article may help bring a fresh thought process to choose professional sector wisely.

scholarly journals Juridical analysis of policy concerning oil palm estate management in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Prischa Listiningrum ◽  
Rizqi Bachtiar ◽  
Dararida Fandra Mahira ◽  
Rumi Suwardiyati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Meaningful Participation ◽  
Union President ◽  
The Government

The development of the palm oil industry (CPO) in Indonesia is often confronted by challenges coming from the international community, one of which is the rejection of Indonesian CPO exports declared by the European Union on the grounds of deforestation and land clearing, specifically forest burning, that are aimed to convert the forest areas to oil palm estates. In an attempt to clean such a bad name in palm oil industries in the world and to avert the label ‘unsustainable’ given by European Union, President Joko Widodo issued Presidential Instruction Number 8/2018. However, the implementation of the Presidential Instruction is not without hurdles like the absence of specific guidelines to help to implement the policy at the regional level and the lack of opportunities to involve civilians to guard this policy. Juridical analysis of the policy aimed to improve palm oil management and to hamper deforestation is, thus, required. With the normative-juridical method, this research is aimed to recommend the government to grow the potential of CPO-based biofuel in Indonesia and the application of a one-map policy over the potential of oil palm estates to allow the implementation of transparency principle in the structure of good governance. All these recommendations are mainly aimed to give more opportunities to the members of the public to have meaningful participation as well as sustainable and enviro-friendly in improving the management of palm oil cultivation.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN MANAJEMEN SEKTOR PEMERINTAH DENGAN SEKTOR SWASTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhrizal Fadhly
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Service Management ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Public Sector Service

Public sector service management model has some characteristics that are different from the private sector. The private sector is based on the choice of the individual in the market. Organizations in the private sector are required to be able to meet the tastes and individual selection decisions to meet each individual customer. Such a state is different from what happened in the public sector. The public sector is not based on individual choice in the market but a collective choice in government. Public sector organizations based on the demands of society is collective. Keywords: Comparative Management With the Government Sector Private Sector

scholarly journals Measuring The Effects Of Financial Liberalization On The Supply Of Credit To The Private Sector: The Case Of Lebanon

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Y. Naimy
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Demand For Money ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
Portfolio Decision ◽  
Consumption Saving

The purpose of this paper is to build a systematic analysis of financial liberalization. An integrated model of portfolio decision-making and consumption-saving decision is presented in order to detect the effect of financial liberalization on the supply of credit to the private sector. Moreover, the crowding out of the private sector credit by the Lebanese government sector is illustrated through the identification of the gap between the demand for money of the public and private sectors.

DID PUBLIC CASH TRANSFER CROWD OUT INTER-HOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS IN INDONESIA? EVIDENCE FROM "BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI /BLT"

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Corry Wulandari ◽  
Nadezhda Baryshnikova
Keyword(s):  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
The Public ◽  
Indonesia Family Life Survey ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
The Government

In 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced an unconditional cash transfer program called the ‘Bantuan Langsung Tunai’ (BLT), aimed at assisting poor people who were suffering from the removal of a fuel subsidy. There are concerns, however, that the introduction of a public transfer system can negatively affect inter-household transfers through the crowding-out effect, which exists when donor households reduce the amount of their transfers in line with public transfers received from the government. The poor may not therefore have received any meaningful impact from the public cash transfer, as they potentially receive fewer transfers from inter-household private donors. For the government to design a public transfer system, it is necessary to properly understand the dynamics of private transfer behaviour. Hence, this study evaluates whether there exists a crowding-out effect of public transfers on inter-household transfers in Indonesia.Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) and by applying Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) and Difference-in-differences (DID) approaches, this study found that the likelihood to receive transfers from other family members (non-co-resident) reduces when the household receives BLT. However, there is no significant impact of BLT on transfers from parents and friends.

GOOD GOVERNANCE, AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAHAN DAN EKONOMI KERAKYATAN

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuskar Yuskar
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

Good governance is a ware to create an efficient, effective and accountable government by keeping a balanced interaction well between government, private sector and society role. The implementation of a good governance is aimed to recover the public trust for the government that has been lost for the last several years because of financial, economic and trust crisis further multidimensional crisis. The Misunderstanding concept and unconcerned manner of government in implementing a good governance lately have caused unstability, deviation and injustice for Indonesia society. This paper is a literature study explaining a concept, principles and characteristics of a good governance. Furthermore, it explains the definition, development and utility of an efficient, effective and accountable government in creating a good governance mechanism having a strong impact to the democratic economy and social welfare. It also analyzes the importance of government concern for improving democratic economy suitable with human and natural resources and the culture values of Indonesia.

scholarly journals The Principle of Sustainable Development as the Basis for Weighing the Public Interest and Individual Interest in the Scope of the Cultural Heritage Protection Law in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3985
Author(s):  
Adam Kozień
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Individual Interest ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
The Public

The concept of sustainable development is widely used, especially in social, environmental and economic aspects. The principle of sustainable development was derived from the concept of sustainable development, which appears in legal terms at the international, EU, national and local levels. Today, the value of cultural heritage that should be legally protected is indicated. A problematic issue may be the clash in this respect of the public interest related to the protection of heritage with the individual interest, expressed, e.g., in the ownership of cultural heritage designates. During the research, scientific methods that are used in legal sciences were used: theoretical–legal, formal–dogmatic, historical–legal methods, as well as the method of criticism of the literature, and legal inferences were also used. The analyses were carried out on the basis of the interdisciplinary literature on the subject, as well as international, EU and national legal acts—sources of the generally applicable law. Research has shown that the interdisciplinary principle of sustainable development, especially from the perspective of the social and auxiliary environmental aspect, may be the basis for weighing public and individual interests in the area of legal protection of cultural heritage in the European Union. It was also indicated that it is possible in the situation of treating the principle of sustainable development in terms of Dworkin’s “policies” and allows its application not only at the level of European Union law (primary and secondary), but also at the national legal orders of the European Union Member States.

Study on reasons of Failure of Small and Medium Enterprises: Looking into Egypt case

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Hazem Hanbal ◽  
◽  
Saad Metawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Small Business Administration ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
The Government

Globally, Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) are considered the main contributors to economic activities. In the European Union, SMEs account for around 67 percent of the overall employment by the private sector and were considered the cushion that protected the economy during the recent financial crisis in 2008 [2]. While in the USA, and according to the Small Business Administration and Small Business House, SMEs are responsible for more than half of the private sector non-farm GDP of the nation. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, a recent study by the World Bank revealed that SMEs employ around 40 percent of the workforce in the formal sector (non-agriculture). This number would increase if the informal sector were included. Generally, SMEs are seen as the potential for economic development and a significant source for jobs creation, especially when looking into developing countries. In Egypt, with the declining role of the government being the primary employer until the nineties of last century, and the private sector taking over this role, and the fact that SMEs are the significant portion of the private sector, it is significantly essential to support SMEs for the creation of new jobs, and overall social stability. Constrains facing SMEs are many and are usually different from those facing large businesses. It is also observed that rates of business failure within SMEs are generally higher than with large corporates. This paper aims to seek to identify the reasons behind the failure of SMEs, with a look into the Egyptian and Middle East situations.

Euroatlanske integracije i savremeni izazovi razvojne politike javnog komuniciranja u Bosni i Hercegovini

2017 ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Mirza Mehmedović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Media Policy ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many

In the middle of the second decade of the twenty-first century, Bosnia and Herzegovina is at the crossroads of political, economic and cultural revitalization of the society as a country that declarative aims for application of European principles of political organization and the membership in the European Union. On this way there are many open issues that are the result of twenty years of political and economic stagnation or collapse of all elements that should be the foundation for the stabilization of a modern democratic society in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The internal reconstruction of the political system and the revitalisation of the institutions of the government or different holders of political reforms means at the same time the fulfilment of the conditions of accession to Euro-Atlantic integration. The development of a unified media policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the establishment of public media service in accordance with the requirements of the European Union and the interests of all citizens are the top issues among the many current challenges that we have to deal with in the future. But for Bosnia and Herzegovina it is not exclusively the interest of communicational research. It must be necessarily seen in the wider context as a political, cultural and economic issue, because the establishment of a single media/communication system is one of the key requirements for a political compromise, the integration of society and the harmonization of other common (primarily economic) interests for all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of the key requirements for defining a unified media policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina is agreeing / reconciliation of all complex (heterogeneous) cultural characteristics, as well as the specific characteristics of modern communication situation in a model that would respond to the specific information needs of citizens and the standards applied by the European Union.

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