Informal Investment for Entrepreneurs in Latin America and the Caribbean

2018 ◽  
pp. 167-185
Author(s):  
Alicia Coduras ◽  
Ignacio De la Vega
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Informal Investment ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Business ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Angel Investment

The authors provide a broad view of the field of informal investment in the region, emphasizing the importance of separating the contribution of this sector from that provided by other channels of financing of entrepreneurship such as angel investment and venture capital. After framing the issue and reviewing the most relevant academic literature, the authors discuss the existing relationship between the current state of informal investment in the area and the size of the informal sector in economies that constitute the sector. They also show the magnitude of informal investment and its impact on the creation of new business activities, identifying the most salient features of the process, as well as their strong and weak points, and a deep reflection on the elements that would have to work to make progress in the modernization of this sector.

scholarly journals Mayaro virus in Latin America and the Caribbean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Ganjian ◽  
Ana Riviere-Cinnamond
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Mayaro Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Objectives. To assess the distribution of Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Latin America and the Caribbean and evaluate existing country-level MAYV surveillance mechanisms. Methods. Research was conducted from May 2018 through May 2019 to collect data from academic literature on Mayaro fever in Latin America and the Caribbean. PubMed, ClinicalKey, Scopus, Nature, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles, and data from health authorities, including the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and ministries of health, was also sought. MAYV-related publications published from 1954 through 2019 were screened. Publications that added to the overall understanding of MAYV, including its geographical and epidemiological distribution, were included in this report. Results. A total of 901 MAYV cases have been reported in humans in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Since its discovery in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago, MAYV has been isolated from individuals living in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Of those 901 cases, 42 of them were reported exclusively by health authorities. In contrast, 843 confirmed and presumptive autochthonous cases and an additional 16 imported cases were identified in academic literature. No country-level surveillance mechanisms for MAYV were recorded in academic literature or by health authorities. Conclusions. This report demonstrates that MAYV surveillance efforts are limited in comparison to the virus’s presence in Latin America and the Caribbean, highlighting the importance of enhancing arboviral surveillance systems in the affected countries.

Better pensions, better jobs: status and alternatives toward universal pension coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGEL MELGUIZO ◽  
MARIANO BOSCH ◽  
CARMEN PAGES
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Pension Coverage ◽  
Fiscal Space

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the current state of labor markets and pension coverage in a wide sample of Latin America and the Caribbean countries, and proposes a series of possible avenues toward universal coverage, not only as an instrument to fight poverty during old age, but also as part of an agenda for increasing formal employment and productivity growth. We conclude that despite perspectives of low economic growth and reduced fiscal space, the region is going through intense demographic and socio-economic changes, which increase the demand for better jobs and provide a real opportunity for initiating the bold reforms in pensions, labor, and taxes needed to achieve universal coverage.

Latin America and the Caribbean 2050: Becoming a Global Low-Carbon Metals and Solutions Hub

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Spano ◽  
Paolo Natali ◽  
Charles Cannon ◽  
Suzanne Greene ◽  
Osvaldo Urzúa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Cost Curve ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Caribbean

This report evaluates scope 3 emissions along the copper and iron ore value chains and the opportunities that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has to become a low carbon metals and solutions hub. The report presents four carbon emission scenarios that represent different sets of decisions for policy-makers and investors. Two scenarios fall short of aligning with Paris targets: (1) the business as usual (BaU) scenario with no further abatement action; and (2) a BaU scenario with the current level of emission reduction potential from players in the value chain (BaU Possible). The other two scenarios deliver the required carbon reductions to be compliant with the Paris Agreement by 2060, but through different strategies: (3) the BaU Paris scenario. where alignment with Paris targets is achieved by keeping BaU volumes and reducing carbon intensity per tonne of metal; and (4) the Decoupled scenario, where carbon intensity reductions are relaxed and compensated by a reduction in primary supply to align the value chain emissions to a Paris trajectory. All scenarios require LACs leaders to consider investments in low-carbon technology in different degrees. The report argues that, given its competitive position in the cost curve for copper and iron ore and an abundance of enabling factors for low carbon strategies, the region could become a key source of low carbon metals and solutions as long as it is proactive in adopting all the necessary measures from public sector and industry perspectives. Finally, the report concludes that myriad opportunities exist for LAC, including new business models, technologies and products, and that these could yield a greater economic and social contribution to the region than the BaU trajectories.

scholarly journals Japanese government venture capital: what should we know?

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Kirihata
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Technology Based Firms ◽  
Research Questions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implication of Japanese government venture capital (VC) policies for future research and to provide basis for policymakers and practitioners. Design/methodology/approach This is an academic literature review of available peer-reviewed publications on government VC policies. This paper discusses and analyses the current state and issues of the Japanese government VC policies regarding three research questions: What do Japanese government VCs do? Do they contribute to their portfolios? and Do they contribute to the development of VC market? Findings There are mainly two findings in this paper: It is effective to establish a complementary relationship with private VCs for Japanese government VCs to contribute to their portfolios; Japanese government should simultaneously continue to make and review policies for the VC market, the stock market, the entrepreneur sector and the environment surrounding them by its strategic long-term commitment to contribute to the development of VC market and new technology-based firms in Japan. Originality/value As there are only a few studies on recently strengthened Japanese government VC policies, this paper provides an in-depth discussion on these Japanese VC policies, which can be used for future research and as a valuable resource for policymakers and practitioners.

scholarly journals Current State and Development of Green Bonds Market in the Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10872
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Mejía-Escobar ◽  
Juan David González-Ruiz ◽  
Giovanni Franco-Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Main Factors

The green bonds market has had a growth in recent years within its different sectors and regions. Specifically, up to 2020, the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region has issued USD 26 billion. Some authors have studied the factors influencing financing through green bonds. However, a research gap is identified in the analysis of the regions that contribute to the issuance of this type of bond, specifically for LAC. This is the first study to examine the variables such as issue amount, number and type of issuers, currency, and maturity data in the region using a dataset of issuing performed between 2014–2020. We find the typical sizes of the issues, the search for a premium in the issue, the perception of complexity, the issuance of guides, and tax incentives as the main factors affecting this market. Finally, the study presents the potential for further research.

Transgender-Specific Policy in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baird Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Trans People ◽  
In Trans ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
And Gender

The situation of trans rights in Latin America varies greatly by country and region despite a binding 2017 opinion from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) clarifying member states’ obligations to guarantee trans rights. While countries in the Southern Cone and Northern Andes have recently made great strides in protecting and supporting their trans citizens, Central America, the Caribbean, and several countries in South America continue to offer little or no legal support for trans rights. Some countries, such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Uruguay, have passed Gender Identity Laws that provide trans people with the ability to rectify their documents to reflect their names and gender identities. The current state of trans-specific policy in the region is explored by first framing it through an overview of the relevant parts of the IACHR ruling and then presenting the case for the depathologization of trans identities, one of the movement’s most pressing goals. Crucial to this discussion is the next section, which presents the current rights and limitations in trans-specific healthcare in the region. A discussion of the importance of gender identity as a basic human right, recognized in the IACHR ruling, follows, continuing on to an analysis of the place of children, adolescents, and their parents in relation to this right. Relatedly, the next section explores the prevalence and force of anti-discrimination laws in the region, which vary greatly in their specific protection of trans people. Finally, we attempt to look forward to what may be next in the fight for trans rights in the region, exemplifying cases such as that of Uruguay, which has recently begun to debate trans-specific reparations, and Argentina, which has begun to debate dedicated employment slots for trans people.

scholarly journals Informality and employment vulnerability: application in sellers with subsistence work

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Osley Garzón-Duque ◽  
María Doris Cardona-Arango ◽  
Fabio León Rodríguez-Ospina ◽  
Angela María Egura-Cardona
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Gray Literature ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Critical Situations

OBJECTIVE: To describe the origin, evolution, and application of the concept of employment vulnerability in workers who subsist on street sales. METHODS: We have carried out an analysis of the literature in database in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, without restriction by country. This is a review of the gray literature of government reports, articles, and documents from Latin America and the Caribbean. We have analyzed information on the informal economy, social-employment vulnerability, and subsistence workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The concept of informal economy is dispersed and suggested as synonymous with employment vulnerability. As a polysemic term, it generates confusion and difficulty in identifying defined profiles of employment vulnerability in informal subsistence workers, who sell their products on the streets and sidewalks of cities. The lack of a clear concept and profile of employment vulnerability for this type of workers generates a restriction on defined actions to reduce employment vulnerability. The profiles could facilitate access to the acquisition of assets that support their structure of opportunities, facilitating and mediating in the passage from vulnerability to social mobility with opportunities. We propose as a concept of employment vulnerability for subsistence workers in the informal sector, the condition of those who must work by day to eat at night, who have little or no ownership of assets, and who have a minimum structure of opportunities to prevent, face, and resist the critical situations that occur daily, putting at risk their subsistence and that of the persons who are their responsibility, thus making the connection between social and employment vulnerability

BANANA IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: CURRENT STATE, CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

2013 ◽  
pp. 365-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Dita ◽  
H. Garming ◽  
I. Van den Bergh ◽  
C. Staver ◽  
T. Lescot
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Caribbean
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