Historical Perspective of Bisphenol A and Phthalates in the Environment and Their Health Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 246-262
Author(s):  
Rayees Ahmad Bhat ◽  
D. Kumar ◽  
Sajood Maqbool Bhat ◽  
Irfan Rashid Sofi
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
High Production Volume ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
High Production

Plastics are widely used in modern life, and their unbound chemicals Bisphenol A and Phthalates, which are important chemical-building blocks, can leach out into the surrounding environment. They are also ubiquitous contaminants in the human body, wildlife, and the environment. BPA and PAEs have recently attracted the special attention of the scientific community, regulatory agencies, and the general public because of their high-production volume, widespread use of plastics, and endocrine-disrupting effects.

scholarly journals Global Assessment of Bisphenol A in the Environment

Dose-Response ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 155932581559830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jone Corrales ◽  
Lauren A. Kristofco ◽  
W. Baylor Steele ◽  
Brian S. Yates ◽  
Christopher S. Breed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
High Production Volume ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Production

Because bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical, we examined over 500 peer-reviewed studies to understand its global distribution in effluent discharges, surface waters, sewage sludge, biosolids, sediments, soils, air, wildlife, and humans. Bisphenol A was largely reported from urban ecosystems in Asia, Europe, and North America; unfortunately, information was lacking from large geographic areas, megacities, and developing countries. When sufficient data were available, probabilistic hazard assessments were performed to understand global environmental quality concerns. Exceedances of Canadian Predicted No Effect Concentrations for aquatic life were >50% for effluents in Asia, Europe, and North America but as high as 80% for surface water reports from Asia. Similarly, maximum concentrations of BPA in sediments from Asia were higher than Europe. Concentrations of BPA in wildlife, mostly for fish, ranged from 0.2 to 13 000 ng/g. We observed 60% and 40% exceedences of median levels by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Europe and Asia, respectively. These findings highlight the utility of coordinating global sensing of environmental contaminants efforts through integration of environmental monitoring and specimen banking to identify regions for implementation of more robust environmental assessment and management programs.

scholarly journals Estimating the Impact of High-Production-Volume Chemicals on Remote Ecosystems by Toxic Pressure Calculation

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper V. Harbers ◽  
Mark A. J. Huijbregts ◽  
Leo Posthuma ◽  
Dik van de Meent
Keyword(s):  
Production Volume ◽  
High Production Volume ◽  
Pressure Calculation ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Animal Use and Lessons Learned in the U.S. High Production Volume Chemicals Challenge Program

2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 1631-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Bishop ◽  
Joseph R. Manuppello ◽  
Catherine E. Willett ◽  
Jessica T. Sandler
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
High Production Volume ◽  
Animal Use ◽  
High Production ◽  
The U.S

The High Production Volume Challenge Program

2006 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Richard Hefter ◽  
Barbara Leczynski ◽  
Charles Auer
Keyword(s):  
Production Volume ◽  
High Production Volume ◽  
High Production ◽  
Volume Challenge

Integrating Impedance Control and Learning Based Search Scheme for Robotic Assemblies Under Uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi K. Malhan ◽  
Yash Shahapurkar ◽  
Ariyan M. Kabir ◽  
Brual Shah ◽  
Satyandra K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Search Strategy ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Impedance Control ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Robotic Arms ◽  
High Production Volume ◽  
High Production ◽  
Assembly Operations ◽  
Assembly Tasks

Using fixtures for assembly operations is a common practice in manufacturing processes with high production volume. For automated assembly cells using robotic arms, trajectories are programmed manually and robots follow the same path repeatedly. It is not economically feasible to build fixed fixtures for small volume productions as they require high accuracy and are part specific. Moreover, hand coding robot trajectories is a time consuming task. The uncertainties in part localization and inaccuracy in robot motions make it challenging to automate the task of assembling two parts with tight tolerances. Researchers in past have developed methods for automating the assembly task using contact-based search schemes and impedance control-based trajectory execution. Both of these approaches may lead to undesired collision with critical features on the parts. Our method guarantees safety for parts with delicate features during the assembly process. Our approach enables us to select optimum impedance control parameters and utilizes a learning-based search strategy to complete assembly tasks under uncertainties in bounded time. Our approach was tested on an assembly of two rectangular workpieces using KUKA IIWA 7 manipulator. The method we propose was able to successfully select the optimal control parameters. The learning-based search strategy successfully estimated the uncertainty in pose of parts and converged in few iterations.

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