Women's Employment in Turkey's ICT Sector

2022 ◽  
pp. 1064-1086
Author(s):  
Selda Gorkey
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Information And Communication

Women constitute one of the risk groups vulnerable to poverty; therefore, enabling their participation in the labor force is crucial to promoting social inclusion in a society. Employment in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is widely known for being male-dominated, and recently women's participation has become an important subject. This chapter aims to examine women's employment in Turkey's ICT sector from 2009 to 2016, from a social inclusion perspective, by using various indicators. Comparisons with European Union (EU) countries provide perspective on tracking the progress of employment structure and education choices for ICT by gender. All indicators signify the existence of a gender gap resulting in low rates of inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment during the period. Examination of the reasons leads to making some policy recommendations to promote social inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment.

Women's Employment in Turkey's ICT Sector

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Selda Gorkey
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Information And Communication

Women constitute one of the risk groups vulnerable to poverty; therefore, enabling their participation in the labor force is crucial to promoting social inclusion in a society. Employment in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is widely known for being male-dominated, and recently women's participation has become an important subject. This chapter aims to examine women's employment in Turkey's ICT sector from 2009 to 2016, from a social inclusion perspective, by using various indicators. Comparisons with European Union (EU) countries provide perspective on tracking the progress of employment structure and education choices for ICT by gender. All indicators signify the existence of a gender gap resulting in low rates of inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment during the period. Examination of the reasons leads to making some policy recommendations to promote social inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment.

scholarly journals Research Note: Gender Differences in Employment During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Demography ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Villarreal ◽  
Wei-hsin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on gender disparities in three employment outcomes: labor force participation, full-time employment, and unemployment. Using data from the monthly Current Population Survey, in this research note we test individual fixed-effects models to examine the employment status of women relative to that of men in the nine months following the onset of the epidemic in March of 2020. We also test separate models to examine differences between women and men based on the presence of young children. Because the economic effects of the epidemic coincided with the summer months, when women's employment often declines, we account for seasonality in women's employment status. After doing so, we find that women's full-time employment did not decline significantly relative to that of men during the months following the beginning of the epidemic. Gender gaps in unemployment and labor force participation did increase, however, in the early and later months of the year, respectively. Our findings regarding women's labor force participation and employment have implications for our understanding of the long-term effects of the health crisis on other demographic outcomes.

Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives’ Economic Dependency in Different Contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Mandel ◽  
Amit Lazarus ◽  
Maayan Shaby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Division Of Housework ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives’ relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women’s employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of ‘doing gender’, wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women’s employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory.

scholarly journals The New Life Cycle of Women's Employment: Disappearing Humps, Sagging Middles, Expanding Tops

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin ◽  
Joshua Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Unpaid Leave ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
The Impact

A new life cycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, life-cycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak, and then declined starting in the fifties. The new life cycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle, and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging, and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Health and Retirement Study. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education, and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth, and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the life cycle.

scholarly journals EMPLOYMENT CONDITION, THE EFFECTS OF HUSBAND’S OCCUPATION, AND EDUCATION ON PARTICIPATION OF MARRIED WOMEN IN THE INDONESIAN LABOR MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizqon Agusta Agusta ◽  
Diny Ghuzini
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Employment Conditions

A previous study has shown that households with both the head and the spouse joining the labor force tend to exit from poverty. In Indonesia, women that actively participated in labor market were relatively small, only around 50% in 2017. Meanwhile, most of the women in Indonesia were married in 2017. A husband was one of the factors affecting their wife’s decision to participate in labor market. This study investigates married women’s employment conditions and the effects of husband’s occupation and education on their labor market participation. The research sample consists of women aged 15-year-old and above, married, and living with their husband. We found that the higher the husband’s education, the lower married women’s probability of participating in the labor market. Husbands with an informal occupation increased married women’s probability to be in the labor force.

Women’s earnings and household inequality in OECD countries, 1973–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rense Nieuwenhuis ◽  
Henk van der Kolk ◽  
Ariana Need
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Household Inequality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women's Earnings

This article shows that women’s rising earnings contributed to reducing inequality in household earnings, with respect to couples. We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) on 1,148,762 coupled households, covering 18 OECD countries and the period from 1973 to 2013. In this period, women’s share of household earnings grew, spouses’ earnings became more strongly and positively correlated in various countries, and inequality in women’s earnings was reduced. Inequality in household earnings increased due to the rising correlation between spouses’ earnings, but was reduced more by the decline of inequality in women’s earnings. Had women’s earnings remained unchanged since the 1970s and 1980s, inequality in household earnings would have been higher around 2010 in all observed OECD countries. Household inequality was reduced least by trends in women’s earnings in countries with a long history of high female labor-force participation, such as Finland (3% reduction) and Sweden (5%), and most in countries that observed a stronger increase in female labor-force participation in recent decades such as Spain (31%) and the Netherlands (41%). As more countries are reaching a plateau in the growth of women’s employment and earnings, the potential for further stimulating women’s employment and earnings to counter both women’s and household inequality seems to be increasingly limited.

“Fixing” the Gender Divides in ICT Programs Within Universities

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-169
Author(s):  
Mayela Coto ◽  
Lone Dirckinck-Holmfeld
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Career Growth ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Professor Level ◽  
The University ◽  
Program Data ◽  
Women Participation

Although information and communication technology (ICT) is a fast-growing sector, transforms societies radically, offers many job and career growth opportunities, and is higher paid, women are highly underrepresented in ICT-related programs. This study asks the following research questions: What is the rate of women's participation in different kinds of university IT programs? How can we approach the women participation in IT programs at the university level? The chapter presents two cases, namely, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica and Aalborg University, Denmark. Although both countries occupy privileged positions in the Global Gender Gap Index, they also face challenges. Based on a thorough analysis of national and detailed IT program data from the cases, the chapter concludes that, to overcome the gender divide, radical and complex “fixing” of the organizations and IT programs is needed. The data support a mainstreaming strategy to ground the IT programs in a humanistic orientation and to promote diversity among staff, especially at the full professor level.

Glamour and Aspiration: Women's Employment and the Establishment of Midlands ATV, 1956–68

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Murray
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Television News ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Television Production ◽  
News Broadcasts ◽  
Current Affairs ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Status Of Women

This article uses an extant collection of television news inserts and other television ephemera to examine women's employment at Midlands ATV. Focusing on the years between the first Midlands News broadcasts in 1956 until major contract changes across the ITV network in 1968, it examines the jobs women did during this formative period and their chances for promotion. In particular it suggests that contemporary ideas of glamour and their influence in screen culture maintained a significant influence in shaping women's employment. This connection between glamorous television aesthetics and female employees as the embodiment of glamour, especially on screen, did leave women vulnerable to redundancy as ‘frivolity’ in television was increasingly criticised in the mid-1960s. However, this article argues that the precarious status of women in the industry should not undermine historical appreciation of the value of their work in the establishing of television in Britain. Setting this study of Midlands ATV within the growing number of studies into women's employment in television, there are certain points of comparison with women's experience at the BBC and in networked ITV current affairs programmes. However, while the historical contours of television production are broadly comparable, there are clear distinctions, such as the employment of a female newscaster, Pat Cox, between 1956 and 1965. Such distinctions also suggest that regional news teams were experimenting with the development of a vernacular television news style that requires further study.

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