Reflecting on Crime and Legal Issues in People With Intellectual Disabilities

2022 ◽  
pp. 1539-1567
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Common Problems

This chapter discusses research findings on intellectual disability (ID), criminal law, and the different forms of aggressive behavior such as sexual violence, homicide, theft, arson, and alcohol-drug abuse. ID is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by significantly impaired and varying intellectual-adaptive functioning. Given that a number of legal issues have been raised over the past decades regarding individuals with ID and civil as well as criminal law, particular attention will also be given to neuropsychological research regarding civil law and the most common problems for individuals with ID, such as financial capacity and capacity for medical consent. Finally, there will be a section for the most important issues regarding the trial and conviction for individuals with ID, and a presentation of a research on attitudes toward ID and legal issues. The chapter concludes with suggestions for reform of the law relating to ID and the need for further research.

Reflecting on Crime and Legal Issues in People With Intellectual Disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-304
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Common Problems

This chapter discusses research findings on intellectual disability (ID), criminal law, and the different forms of aggressive behavior such as sexual violence, homicide, theft, arson, and alcohol-drug abuse. ID is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by significantly impaired and varying intellectual-adaptive functioning. Given that a number of legal issues have been raised over the past decades regarding individuals with ID and civil as well as criminal law, particular attention will also be given to neuropsychological research regarding civil law and the most common problems for individuals with ID, such as financial capacity and capacity for medical consent. Finally, there will be a section for the most important issues regarding the trial and conviction for individuals with ID, and a presentation of a research on attitudes toward ID and legal issues. The chapter concludes with suggestions for reform of the law relating to ID and the need for further research.

Crime and Legal Issues among Intellectually Disabled Individuals

2016 ◽  
pp. 346-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Common Problems

Intellectual Disability (ID) can be caused by a variety of factors, which may lead to a variety of signs and symptoms. Individuals with ID are living in societies where during the past decade there is a steady increase in the amount of research focused on civil law, criminal law and mental health. In this chapter, there will be a theoretical presentation of the research on ID regarding criminal law and the different forms of aggressive behavior such as sexual violence, homicide, theft, arson and alcohol-drug abuse. There will be information on research regarding civil law and the most common problems for individuals with ID, such as financial capacity and capacity for medical consent. Finally, there will be a section for the most important issues regarding the trial and conviction for individuals with ID and a presentation of a recent research on attitudes toward ID and legal issues. The above will be examined through the prism of current neuropsychological data, while cross-cultural restrictions will be discussed.

Intellectual Disability—Concepts, Aetiology, and Genetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Satish C. Girimaji ◽  
Salah Basheer ◽  
Asit Biswas ◽  
Satheesh Kumar Gangadharan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Copy Number Variations ◽  
Chromosomal Disorders ◽  
Single Gene Disorders ◽  
Cultural Construct

There are three major conceptualizations of Intellectual Disability (ID): as a lower end of the Gaussian distribution of intelligence in the population, a bio-medical condition secondary to adverse influences on the developing brain (neurodevelopmental disorder), and as a socio-cultural construct focusing on impairments in adaptive functioning and the need for extra supports. Modern definitions incorporate all these aspects. There are hundreds of causes of ID, both genetic and environmental, that act either singly or in combination. These are classified based on the timing (pre-, peri-, and postnatal) and the type of cause. Genetic factors include chromosomal disorders, microdeletions, single gene disorders and newly discovered mechanisms such as copy number variations. Environmental factors may operate in prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods of development. Pathophysiological pathways leading to ID involve disruption of neurodevelopment and neuronal functioning, such as neural proliferation, migration, connectivity, synaptic development, intra- and inter-cellular signalling pathways, and metabolism. Identifying the aetiology has major clinical implications.

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP JABATAN NOTARIS BERKAITAN DENGAN ADANYA DUGAAN MALPRAKTEK DALAM PROSES PEMBUATAN AKTA OTENTIK

Acta Comitas ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
I Gusti Agung Oka Diatmika ◽  
I Dewa Gde Atmadja ◽  
Ni Ketut Sri Utari
Keyword(s):  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Card System ◽  
Civil Codes

A notary is a public officer who given sufficient authority by the state to make an authentic deed. If a party feels aggrieved over the deed of a Notary, then the party can sue the notary with the charges of malpractice in an authentic deed, although the notary has been working in accordance with the standards of an authentic deed. On this basis, it is need a legal protection for the notary, in this case, made ??by the Notary Honorary Council (MKN) as provided for in the Article 66 of paragraph (1) of Law No. 2 of 2014 on the Amendment of Law Number 30 of Year 2004 on the Notary Position (UUJN-P). There are no certain regulations on MKN positions and the kinds of legal protection given by the MKN to the notary, giving rise to legal issues namely, what the standards or requirements in the process of making an authentic deed and what the legal protection of the Position of Notary in relations to the allegations of malpractice in the making of authentic deeds. This thesis research is a normative legal research, which departed from the vacuum of norm. The legal materials collection techniques used were the study of literature and the card system. The analysis of the legal materials was conducted by using descriptive techniques, interpretations and arguments associated with the theories and concepts of law which relevant to the issues. The research findings of the problem under study, namely, that in making authentic deeds, notary must always pay attention to the validity of the agreement according to the terms of Article 1320 of the Civil Law (the Civil Codes), the requirement of making authentic deeds (Civil Code of 1868), Law on the Notary Position, as well as the Notary Code of Ethics. While MKN position as the Administrative agencies should be established in the regions of (city or regencies) in order that MKN can quickly respond to the case and provide an appeal to the parties who are not satisfied with the decision of MKN.

scholarly journals Kriteria Cek dan Bilyet Giro dalam Transaksi Bisnis yang Menimbulkan Konsekuensi Hukum Pidana dan Perdata

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ferdy Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Community Banks ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Demand Deposits ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Bank Notes

<em><span lang="EN">In the use of checks and bilyet giro as collateral for debt which results in legal consequences, both in the form of criminal law and civil law, checks and bilyet giro as bank products are closely related to banking law. The link is due to the fact that state and private banks are the parties that issue checks and bilyet giro. As a result of the use of checks and demand deposits that develop within the community, banks as issuers of checks and giro checks are often made to participate in legal issues carried out by their customers. Bank participation in legal matters, at a minimum, provides Investigators with information about checking accounts on behalf of their customers. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the banking sector which regulates the use of checks and bank notes, specifically on what usage criteria can be categorized as criminal acts, and vice versa which use criteria can be categorized as private / civil legal relations</span></em>

Potential Cytokine Biomarkers in Intellectual Disability

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousra Benmakhlouf ◽  
Zeineb Zian ◽  
Naima Ghailani Nourouti ◽  
Amina Barakat ◽  
Mohcine Bennani Mechita
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Cytokine Profiles ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

: Intellectual disability (ID), previously called mental retardation, is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by life-long intellectual and adaptive functioning impairments that have an impact on individuals, families, and society. Its prevalence is estimated to 3% of the general population and its etiology still insufficiently understood. Besides the involvement of genetic and environmental factors, immunological dysfunctions have been also suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of ID. Over the years, immune biomarkers related to ID have gained important attention and researchers have begun to look at possible cytokine profiles in individuals suffered from this disorder. In fact, in addition to playing crucial physiological roles in the majority of normal neurodevelopmental processes, cytokines exert an important role in neuroinflammation under pathological conditions, and interactions between the immune system and central nervous system have long been under investigation. Cytokine levels imbalance has been reported associated with some behavioral characteristics and the onset of some syndromic forms of ID. In this review, we will focus on immunological biomarkers, especially, the cytokine profiles that have been identified in people with ID. Thus, data reported and discussed in the present paper may provide additional information to start further studies and to plan strategies for early identification and managing of ID.

scholarly journals A Novel Missense ZBTB18 Mutation Identified in an Intellectual Disability Family by Whole Genome Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Li ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Yanna Zou ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Ying Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
In Silico Prediction ◽  
Prediction Tools ◽  
Heterozygous Variant ◽  
The Family

Abstract BackgroundIntellectual disability is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. About a quarter of cases are caused by genetic diseases, and about 5 percent are inherited from a person's parents. The objective of this study was to explore the candidate disease-causing gene in an intellectual disability family.MethodsWhole genome sequencing was performed on affected twins, their affected children, and unaffected parents, and data filtration for most rare variants and In Silico prediction tools to determine the pathogenecity. Further, Sanger sequencing was used to validate the causative mutation.ResultsIn the family, a previously undescribed heterozygous variant in ZBTB18 gene c.1323C>G (p.His441Gln) was identified. The mutation co-segregated with all affected individuals in the family and was not found in unaffected members.Conclusionsc.1323C>G mutation in ZBTB18 gene on 1 chromosome may be related with the phenotype of intellectual disability in this family. WGS is an efficient method to perform molecular diagnosis for hereditary intellectual disability.

Vier Arten von Römern unter den Franken im 6. bis 8. Jh.

2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-468
Author(s):  
Detlef Liebs
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Law Texts ◽  
Fourth Kind

Abstract Four kinds of Romans in the Frankish kingdoms in the 6th to 8th centuries. Roman law texts from Merowingian Gaul make a difference between cives Romani, Latini and dediticii, all considered as Romans. This difference mattered only to slaves who had been freed. The status of Latin and dediticius was hereditary, whereas the descendants of one who had been freed as civis Romanus were free born Romans, who should be classified as a proper, a fourth kind of beeing Roman; it was the standard kind. The difference was important in civil law, procedural law and criminal law, especially in wergeld, the sum to be payed for expiation when somebody had been killed: Who had killed a Roman, had to pay different sums according to the status of the killed.

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