Advantages, Disadvantages, and Future Trends on the Use of Design of Experiments in Cross-Over Trials in Nutritional Clinical Investigation

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-173
Author(s):  
Jose Manuel Miranda ◽  
Alicia del Carmen Mondragon Portocarrero ◽  
Alexandre Lamas Freire ◽  
Carlos Manuel Franco Abuin ◽  
Alberto Cepeda Saez
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Crossover Designs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Human Nutrition Research ◽  
Crossover Trials

The use of clinical trials to demonstrate effect of foods consumption on human health has increased significantly in recent years at the global level. As in other areas of human health, some authors choose to use parallel trial designs, while others prefer to use crossover designs for these trials. Because crossover trials have the advantage of reducing the number of subjects needed and the economic cost to be performed, they have many advocates within the scientific community. However, these types of tests also have numerous drawbacks, due to the difficulty of carrying out adequate statistical analyses, the lack of reliable standards adapted to them or confounding factors. In this chapter, the advantages and disadvantages of crossover designs and whether they are a recommended option for human nutrition research are shown. The usefulness of design of experiments coupled to crossover trials, especially when comparing various levels of the dependent variable, are also discussed.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Shutdown: A Qualitative Study on Pearls and Pitfalls

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Naciye Güliz Uğur
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Long Term Impact

The extraordinary and tragic conditions that humanity has not experienced before in the modern period have become ordinary, namely, a “new normal” with the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has had frightening consequences for human health and has caused one million deaths as of September 2020. On the other hand, it has set a new standard of good habits, approaches, and benefits. Due to its global and long-term impact, this unique virus has laid the groundwork for unprecedented helping and sharing behaviors between people and countries. In this study, findings are compiled from the open-ended responses of 626 individuals, all of whom live in Turkey. Within the study’s scope, individuals were asked about the unique advantages and disadvantages of the restrictions imposed under COVID-19. While the categories of economy, social distance, and health came to the fore among the harms, the strengthening of family ties, adoption of technology, and the spread of solidarity culture were mentioned among the advantages.

The Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Haworth Continuing Features Submission
Keyword(s):  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Human Nutrition Research

Review on Acrylamide: A Hidden Hazard in Fried Carbohydrate-Rich Food

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Manivannan Iyer ◽  
Vedika Dadlani ◽  
Harshal Ashok Pawar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Rich Food ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation

Abstract: Acrylamide is classified as a hazard whose formation in carbohydrate-rich food cooked at a high temperature has created much interest in the scientific community. The review attempts to comprehend the chemistry and mechanisms of formation of acrylamide and its levels in popular foods. A detailed study of the toxicokinetic and biochemistry, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, interaction with biomolecules, and its effects on reproductive health has been presented. The review outlines the various novel and low-cost conventional as well as newer analytical techniques for the detection of acrylamide in foods with the maximum permissible limits. Various effective approaches that can be undertaken in industries and households for the mitigation of levels of acrylamide in foods have also been discussed. This review will assist to provide in depth understanding about acrylamide that will make it simpler to assess the risk to human health from the consumption of foods containing low amounts of acrylamide.

foodMASST: A Mass Spectrometry Search Tool for Foods and Beverages.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Dorrestein ◽  
Kiana West ◽  
Robin Schmid ◽  
Julia Gauglitz ◽  
Mingxun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Reference Database ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Search Tool ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract There is a growing interest in unraveling the chemical complexity of our diets. To help the scientific community gain insight into the molecules present in foods and beverages that we ingest, we created foodMASST, a search tool for MS/MS spectra (of both known and unknown molecules) against a growing metabolomics food and beverage reference database. We envision foodMASST will become valuable for nutrition research and dietary biomarker discovery.

scholarly journals Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) Is Not Associated with Average Daily Intake of Red Meat or TMAO-Precursor Foods in a Generally Healthy Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Kristen James ◽  
Erik Gertz ◽  
Charles Stephensen ◽  
Brian Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Human Nutrition Research

Abstract Objectives The microbial metabolite trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) is associated with cardiovascular and renal disease. The dietary factors contributing to plasma TMAO concentrations are not well characterized in a generally healthy population unmedicated for metabolic diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the relationships among TMAO-precursor foods, TMAO, and classic cardiometabolic markers in a generally healthy population stratified for age, sex, and BMI. Methods Fasting plasma TMAO was quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 356 participants (n = 188 female, 18–65 yr, 18–40 BMI) enrolled in the cross-sectional Nutritional Phenotyping Study conducted as the USDA Western Human Nutrition Center. Diet was assessed by averaging 2 weekday and 1 weekend ASA-24hr recalls cleaned by NCBI guidelines. Fasting plasma analytes such as glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol were measured using the Cobas Integra 400 Plus. Variables were transformed to conform to the normal distribution. Regression models assessing health parameters and TMAO were adjusted for age, sex, and the kidney function marker, cystatin C. Models assessing TMAO and diet variables were adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake. Composite variables describing average intake of red meat and TMAO-precursor foods were created by summing the appropriate ASA24 variables. Results TMAO was associated with age (P = 0.001), but not sex or BMI. A significant interaction (P = 0.006) between sex and age was used in all models. Of the variables analyzed, only refined grains and total energy intake were significantly associated with TMAO (r = −0.11, P = 0.04; r = 0.12, P = 0.03, respectively). Reduced renal function as assessed by circulating cystatin C concentrations was associated with plasma TMAO (r = 0.18, P < 0.001). Average daily red meat consumption as well as average daily TMAO-precursor consumption was not significantly associated with TMAO (P = 0.137, P = 0.554, respectively). In contrast, average daily fiber intake was marginally related to TMAO (B = −0.11, SE = 0.01, P = 0.07). Conclusions In this generally healthy population, no relationship between red meat or TMAO-precursor foods and TMAO was identified. Funding Sources The Beef Checkoff (R01HL128572); USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center project funds (2032–51,000-025–00D).

scholarly journals Commentary: Causal Inference for Social Exposures

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Causal Inference ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Cost

Social epidemiology seeks to describe and quantify the causal effects of social institutions, interactions, and structures on human health. To accomplish this task, we define exposures as treatments and posit populations exposed or unexposed to these well-defined regimens. This inferential structure allows us to unambiguously estimate and interpret quantitative causal parameters and to investigate how these may be affected by biases such as confounding. This paradigm has been challenged recently by some critics who favor broadening the exposures that may be studied beyond treatments to also consider states. Defining the exposure protocol of an observational study is a continuum of specificity, and one may choose to loosen this definition, incurring the cost of causal parameters that become commensurately more vague. The advantages and disadvantages of broader versus narrower definitions of exposure are matters of continuing debate in social epidemiology as in other branches of epidemiology.

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