Concept of Blockchain Technology and Its Emergence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Padmavathi U. ◽  
Narendran Rajagopalan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Authentication And Authorization ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Blockchain refers to a distributed ledger technology that helps people to regulate and manage their information without any intermediaries. This technology emerges as a promising panacea for authentication and authorization with potential for use in every possible domain including financial, manufacturing, educational institutions, etc. Blockchain has its birth through the concept of Bitcoin, a digital cryptocurrency by Satoshi Nakamoto, called as Blockchain 1.0. Blockchain 2.0 came into existence in 2014 with Ethereum and smart contracts. The challenges such as scalability, interoperability, sustainability, and governance led to the next generation of Blockchain also called as IOTA, a blockchainless cryptocurrency for the internet of things runs on the top of their own ledger called Tangle, which is immune towards quantum computers. This disruptive technology evolved to provide cross chain support and more security through Blockchain 4.0. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing the various applications of this technology and its advantages and security issues.

Part II Trade Finance Technology, 10 Digitalisation of Shipping and Insurance Documents: Implications for Trade Finance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goldby Miriam
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Trade Finance ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The inefficiencies inherent in processing pieces of paper manually down a cross-border chain of sales have prompted the international trade community to attempt to replace bills of lading with digital alternatives. These efforts have been ongoing for thirty years, but the recent availability of new technologies, particularly distributed-ledger technology (‘DLT’), which can be used in combination with ‘smart contracts’, the internet of things (‘IoT’) and machine-learning, has given these efforts a new impetus. Digitalisation holds many promises, including the creation of a context wherein new and cheaper financing options may be developed that do not involve manual checking of large volumes of paper documents. However, doing away with the paper-based documents of title creates uncertainties in terms of the bank’s position as secured creditor. Similarly, while cargo insurance certificates have been issued over electronic platforms for many years now, their transfer by endorsement is still effected by printing the certificate out and endorsing the paper-based certificate. In order for the benefits of digitalisation to be reaped in full, cargo insurance certificates also need to be fully digitalised, which would in turn raise questions as to the bank’s position as assured under the insurance contract. This chapter will examine the options available for making the bank’s position more certain. These options include legislative intervention and the development of contractual frameworks governed by English law.

Tendencies of development of modern innovative technologies and the digital economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
S. M. Doguchaeva
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The era of digital transformation provides the opportunity for leading companies to change priorities - to begin to take care of the support environment using innovative technologies and become a leading creative platform open for innovation. The successful development of the digital world, the blockchain technology, the Internet of things – the mechanism which will change the financial world. 

A Review of Cryptographic Algorithms for the Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issmat Shah Masoodi ◽  
Bisma Javid
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Memory Space ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cryptographic Algorithms ◽  
The Internet Of Things

There are various emerging areas in which profoundly constrained interconnected devices connect to accomplish specific tasks. Nowadays, internet of things (IoT) enables many low-resource and constrained devices to communicate, do computations, and make smarter decisions within a short period. However, there are many challenges and issues in such devices like power consumption, limited battery, memory space, performance, cost, and security. This chapter presents the security issues in such a constrained environment, where the traditional cryptographic algorithms cannot be used and, thus, discusses various lightweight cryptographic algorithms in detail and present a comparison between these algorithms. Further, the chapter also discusses the power awakening scheme and reference architecture in IoT for constrained device environment with a focus on research challenges, issues, and their solutions.

Improving Opportunities in Healthcare Supply Chain Processes via the Internet of Things and Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1635-1654
Author(s):  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Nelson King
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Chain Process ◽  
Product Recalls ◽  
Chain Processes ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Compromise Patient Safety ◽  
Supply Chain Process ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Despite key advances in healthcare informatics and management, little progress to address supply chain process-related problems has been made to date. Specifically, key healthcare supply chain processes include product recalls, monitoring of product supply shortages, expiration, and counterfeits. Implementing and executing these processes in a trusted, secure, efficient, globally accessible and traceable manner is challenging due to the fragmented nature of the healthcare supply chain, which is prone to systemic errors and redundant efforts that may compromise patient safety and impact health outcomes adversely. Blockchain, combined with the Internet of things (IoT), is an emerging technology that can offer a practical solution to these challenges. Accordingly, IoT blockchain offers a superior way to track and trace products via a peer-to-peer distributed, secure, and shared ledger of the blockchain network. This article highlights key challenges related to healthcare supply chains, and illustrates how IoT blockchain technologies can play a role in overcoming these challenges now and in the near future.

scholarly journals A systematic Study of Security Challenges and Infrastructures for Internet of Things

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
N. Koteswara Rao ◽  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Secure Communication ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Authentication And Authorization ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Privacy And Anonymity ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The proliferation of smart objects with capability of sensing, processing and communication has grown in recent years. In this scenario, the Internet of Things (IoT) connects these objects to the Internet and provides communication with users and devices. IoT enables a huge amount of new applications, with which academics and industries can benefit, such as smart cities, health care and automation. In this environment, compose of constrained devices, the widespread adoption of this paradigm depends of security requirements like secure communication between devices, privacy and anonymity of its users. This paper presents the main security challenges and solutions to provide authentication and authorization on the Internet of Things. 

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