The diesel fuel-injection system of ALCO DLW 251 engine consists of single cylinder injection pumps, delivery pipes, and fuel injector nozzles. Fuel injection into the combustion chamber through multi-hole nozzles delivers designed power and fuel efficiency. The two most important variables in a fuel injection system of a diesel engine are the injection pressure and injection timing. Proper timing of the injection process is essential for satisfactory diesel engine operation and performance. Injection timing needs to be optimised for an engine based on requirements of power, fuel economy, mechanical and thermal loading limitations, smoke and emissions etc. Since each of these requirements varies with the operating conditions, sometimes contrary to the requirements of the other parameters, the map of optimised injection timing can be very complex. The ALCO DLW 251 engine’s fuel injection pump is jerk type to permit accurate metering and timing of the fuel injected. The pump has a ported barrel and constant-stroke plunger incorporating a bottom helix for fuel delivery control with constant injection timing. From the point of view of good power and fuel economy, combustion should take place so that the peak firing pressure occurs at about 10–15° after TDC and is usually a few degrees after combustion starts. For this to happen, fuel should be injected at an appropriate time, depending on Injection delay and Ignition delay. Both these factors are dependent on the speed and load. Changing the operating point of the engine may change either one or both types of delay, altering the moment of start of combustion. Various researchers have shown that both the Injection and the Ignition delay are reduced as the engine speed is decreased resulting in advancement of injection timing at lower speeds (and loads). This condition will be corrected by varying the static injection timing, which can be achieved by providing a modified helix on the plunger to delay the start of fuel injection, for the lower speeds and loads. A new double helix (upper and lower helix) fuel injection pump for the ALCO DLW 251 16 V engine has been designed. The new fuel injection pump has been tested on the engine test cell at Research Designs & Standards Organisation and has shown an improvement of 1.2% in locomotive duty cycle fuel consumption. This paper describes the design & development of double helix fuel injection pump and discusses the engine tests completed to verify the projected improvements in fuel efficiency.
Influence of the Fuel Properties on the Injection Process and Spray Development in a large ship diesel Engine