Ecological aspects of using mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane in diesel engine

The article discusses the results of research on the use of canola oil and canola oil with the addition of n-hexane in a compression-ignition engine. An engine with a Common Rail injection system was tested in real traffic conditions on the road and on a chassis dynamometer. The tested fuels were fed to the engine by an additional fuel supply system. An analysis of the effect of the addition of n-hexane on the emission of the main components of toxic exhaust gases was carried out. The proposed solution may contribute to extending the service life of currently used compression ignition engines due to the improvement of the ecological properties of this type of drive sources.

An Experimental Approach and A Signal Processing Method with the Common Rail Injection System of a Diesel Engine

This paper presents a method and results, which studies influences of the fuel flow mode on the pressure oscillation in the volumes of the accumulator fuel system. The fuel is supplied through nozzle holes into a constant volume chamber, which is installed a jet for fuel discharge into the low-pressure line. Results show that the increase in the base pressure value of the fuel accumulator leads to the rise in the slope of the leading edge of the differential characteristics and the maximum dQ/dt value changes closer to the beginning moment of the fuel injection process. At the same time, the control pressure value is a significant parameter that greatly influences the shape of the injection characteristic. In addition, when using the drain orifices with different diameters, received values and differential characteristics vary during the fuel supply process. The differential characteristics of the study are the basis for implementing fuel injection control solutions.

Дослідження змащувальної здатності дизельного та авіаційного палива на паливному насосі високого тиску

This paper presents comparative experimental study’s results of diesel fuel and aviation fuel effect on operational properties of a high-pressure fuel pump of a common rail injection system. The two identical fuel injection systems mounted on a test bed of the fuel injection pumps were prepared for the experimental durability tests. The lubricity properties of diesel fuel and aviation fuel (Jet-A1) were studied using the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) method. The values of wear scar diameter (WSD) obtained with Jet-A1 fuels were compared to the respective values measured with the reference diesel fuel. The microscopic photographs of the wear scar diameters obtained on above mentioned fuels are presented in the paper. The test results showed that long-term (about 300 hours) using aviation fuels produced a negative effect on the durability of the high-pressure fuel pump. Due to the wear of plunger-barrel units the decrease in the fuel delivery rate occurred of about 6.7 % operating with aviation fuel. The average friction coefficients of Jet-A1 fuels were higher than that of the normal diesel fuel. Keywords: diesel fuel, aviation Jet-A1 fuel, lubricity, plunger-barrel units, wear scar diameter

DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY CONVERSION OF VEHICLE DIESEL TO GAS ENGINES WITH SPARK IGNITION

The expediency of converting transport diesel engines into gas internal combustion engines with spark ignition has been substantiated. A multifunctional synthesis technology Avenir Gaz has been developed, designed to convert diesel engines of vehicles in operation into spark-ignited gas internal combustion engines operating on a cheaper and environmentally friendly gas fuel - LPG. The synthesis technology is based on three electronic microprocessor control units Avenir Gaz 37 of level "A", Avenir Gaz 37 of level "B" and Avenir Gaz 37 of level "C". It is shown that Avenir Gaz synthesis technology of level "A" allows converting diesel engines into gas internal combustion engines with LPG supply through a gas-air mixer into the intake pipeline, and level “B” provides group or sequential LPG injection by electromagnetic gas nozzles (common rail injection system ) into the intake manifold. Avenir Gaz synthesis technology of level "C" allows the use of an electronic inductive spark ignition system with an immovable voltage distributor (with two-spark or individual ignition coils).

A Comparison of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Sprays Behavior and Atomization Characteristics

The present numerical study compares between spray characteristics of diesel and soybean oil methyl ester (SME biodiesel) under non-evaporating sprays. The spray structure of diesel and biodiesel fuel (soybean oil) in a common rail injection system are investigated and compared with that of available experimental data used image processing and atomization performance analysis. The proposed approach for the liquid phase, which based on the sprays’ statistical properties, is used to present the gas and liquid phases in an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The main concept for this model is the possibility of describing a poly disperses spray by using moments of a drop number size distribution function. The main reason for less spray tip penetration in the (SME) comparing with diesel because a larger droplet diameters is the higher density, surface tension and viscosity of (SME). The fuel properties effect on the near nozzle structure is studied. The comparisons are referring that the spray drag, breakup and collision processes are promoted.

Electrotechnics, Occupational Safety and Transport

Зaгpязнeниe oкpужaющeй cpeды тoкcичными кoмпoнeнтaми oтрaбoтaвшиx гaзoв двигaтeлeй (выxлoпa) пpивoдит к cнижeнию уpoжaйнocти cельcкoхoзяйcтвeнныx кyльтyp, пpoдyктивнocти живoтнoвoдcтвa и pыбoлoвствa, a их пoвышeнныe кoнцeнтрaции нa рaбoчиx мecтaх и в кaбинaх aвтoмoбилeй, тpaктoрoв и caмoхoдныx мaшин пагубнo вoздeйcтвyют нa здoрoвьe paбoтaющиx и пpивoдят к cнижeнию пpoизвoдитeльнoсти тpyдa и yгpожают иx здopовью. Электротранспорт – эффективное решение экологической проблемы городов и один из самых перспективных видов транспорта на ближайшее время. Современный железнодорожный и городской электротранспорт имеет экономические преимущества. Электробусы оказались экономичнее обычных автобусов даже с учётом того, что они потребляют в два раза больше электроэнергии, чем обычные троллейбусы. Продолжается совершенствование и двигателя внутреннего сгорания (ДВС) в целях повышения его экономичности и экологичности. При сoздaнии нoвыx ДВС влияниe изнoсoв дeтaлeй топливной аппаратуры нa экoлoгичeскиe пoкaзaтeли нe учитывaются, пoэтoмy oдним из нaпрaвлeний к peшeнию прoблeмы cнижeния врeдныx выбpocoв дизeлeй являeтcя oптимизaция eё регулировочных пapaмeтpoв пpи пpoвeдeнии peмoнтнo-oбслyживaющиx paбoт. В peзyльтaтe исслeдoвaний рaзрaбoтaнa мeтoдикa рacчётa гидpaвличecкиx пoтepь в тoпливныx cиcтeмax. Нa ocнoвe пpoвeдённoгo aнaлизa гидpaвличecкиx пoтepь ycтaнoвлeнo, чтo дaнныe пoтepи минимaльны в aккyмyлятopнoй тoпливнoй cиcтeмe (ATC), наиболее близки к ней по величине потерь насос-форсунки. Сравнительный анализ рабочего процесса ATC и насос-форсунок показал, что обе топливные системы при полной нагрузке имеют практически одинаковые показатели по выбросам вредных веществ. Создание и апробация работы насос-форсунок, использующих электрогидравлический эффект, преобразующий электрическую энергию в механическую работу, совершаемую без промежуточных механических звеньев с высоким КПД, представляет большой интерес. Pollution of the environment with toxic components of engine exhaust gases (exhaust) leads to a decrease in crop yields, livestock farming and fishing productivity and their increased concentrations in the workplaces and cabins of vehicles, tractors and self-propelled machines are destructive of the workers’ health and lead to a decrease in labour productivity and threaten their health. Electric transport is an effective solution to the environmental problem of cities and one of the most promising means of transportation in the nearest future. Modern railway and urban electric transport has economic advantages. Electric buses turned out to be more economical than ordinary buses, even considering that they consume twice as much electricity as ordinary trolleybuses. The improvement of internal combustion engine (ICE) continues in order to increase its efficiency and environmental friendliness. When creating new internal combustion engines, the impact of wear of fuel equipment parts on environmental indicators is not taken into account, therefore, one of the ways to solve the problem of reducing polluting emissions of diesel engines is the optimization of its adjustment parameters during repair and maintenance work. As a result of the research a method for calculating hydraulic losses in fuel systems was developed. Based on the conducted analysis of hydraulic losses it was found that these losses are minimal in the common-rail injection system, the closest to it in terms of pump and injector unit losses. A comparative analysis of the working process of the common-rail injection system and pump and injector unit showed that both fuel systems at full load have almost the same indicators for hazardous substances emissions. It is of great interest to create and test the operation of pump and injector units using an electrohydraulic effect that converts electrical energy into mechanical work performed without intermediate mechanical links with high performance index.

Experimental study on dynamic injection behaviors of biodiesel and its blends in a common-rail injection system

The dynamic injection behaviors of pure biodiesel, high-proportioned biodiesel blends, and low-proportioned biodiesel blends in a common-rail injection system are researched. The effects of biodiesel ratio in the blended fuel and injection condition on the injection rate, cycle injection quantity, and fuel line pressure at the injector inlet are determined. The findings show that the injection duration is extended with the decrease in biodiesel ratio in the blended fuel, and fluctuation amplitude of injection rate in the stable injection stage increases. The first four pressure peaks for pure biodiesel decrease rapidly, while for blends, they decrease slowly, which results in an increasing difference of four pressure peaks between pure biodiesel and blends. With the decrease in biodiesel ratio, the mean volume injection quantity for three fuels gradually increases in the same injection condition. The coefficient of variation of the cycle injection quantity value for biodiesel and its blends with 30 cycles increases. The coefficient of variation value for biodiesel is between 0.4% and 0.7%. Compared with pure biodiesel, the mean volume injection quantity for BD70 increases by about 20–32%, and the coefficient of variation value is between 0.7% and 1.7% for high-proportioned biodiesel blends. The mean volume injection quantity increases by about 36–43% for low-proportioned biodiesel blends and the coefficient of variation value is between 1.1% and 2.1%.