Remote-controlled cholangiography injection device: first clinical study in China

Background X-ray cholangiography is of great value in the imaging of biliary tract diseases; however, occupational radiation exposure is unavoidable. Moreover, clinicians must manually inject the contrast dye, which may result in a relatively high incidence of adverse reactions due to unstable injection pressure. Thus, there is a need to develop a novel remote-controlled cholangiography injection device. Methods Patients with external biliary drainage requiring cholangiography were included. A remote-controlled injection device was developed with three major components: an injection pump, a pressure sensor, and a wireless remote-control panel. Image quality, adverse reactions, and radiation dose were evaluated. Results Different kinds of X-ray cholangiography were successfully and smoothly performed using this remote-controlled injection device in all patients. The incidence of adverse reactions in the device group was significantly lower than that in the manual group (4.17% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.001), and increasing the injection pressure increased the incidence of adverse reactions. In addition, the device helped operators avoid ionizing radiation completely. Conclusions With good control of injection pressure (within 10 kPa), the remote-controlled cholangiography injection device could replace the need for the doctor to inject contrast agent with good security and effectivity. It is expected to be submitted for clinical application.

Formation of a Flow-Line Technical Diesel Engine by the Method of Safety-Free Diagnostics

The analysis of diagnostic methods of diesel engines is given. The principle of diagnostics by certain methods, parameters, by which the diagnostics of fuel injection equipment is conducted, as well as disadvantages of one or another method are considered. The main causes of derangements in the nodes of the fuel injection equipment of diesel engines are determined. The examples have proved that the direct diagnostics methods are the most effective in determining correlation dependencies, for example, indicating the workflow in a diesel cylinder. It is particularly established that the methods of technical diagnostics do not require dismantling of the fuel injection equipment and have proven themselves to be versatile and operative, allowing to comprehensively evaluate the condition of the diesel. The methods of non-separable diagnostic of the condition of a diesel engine are described in detail, the features of such indirect diagnostic methods as vibration, acoustic, indirect indicating by determining the voltage in the cylinder head studs, estimation of the wear rate of component parts with a metal content in engine oil, as well as diagnosing with uneven rate speed of the crankshaft. The vibro-acoustic diagnostic method of a diesel engine can be used to determine the technical condition of such elements as a diesel fuel injection pump , nozzles, and a fuel-priming pump. In addition, the characteristics of motor testers, highly specialized testers and auto scanners are given. A diagnostic feature using a computer auto scanner is that it allows evaluating the condition of nodes in a comprehensive manner, that is, taking into account the mutual influence of derangements on each other. It is noted that the methods that do not require disassembling can be considered the most effective, and the most accurate assessment of the technical condition of the diesel fuel system can be given using the diagnostic method according to the parameters of work processes.

Experimental Research on the Measurement of High-Pressure Microflow Based on Momentum Principle

The fuel injector is an important component of the diesel engine. It has a great influence on the atomization of diesel fuel injection, the formation of mixed gas, and combustion emissions. Due to the current nozzle structure, processing level, and the internal hydraulic conditions of each nozzle, there are certain differences between the injection rules of each hole, and there are few methods to quantify the quality of the injector using mathematical methods in engineering. Based on the principle of spray momentum, this paper measures the injection characteristics of each hole of four five-hole pressureless chamber injectors of the same model and analyzes the circulating fuel injection volume and flow coefficient of each injector and each hole under different working conditions. It is proposed to evaluate the quality of the injector with the average circulating fuel injection volume, average flow coefficient, and nonuniformity as indicators. The test results are as follows: there are differences in the circulating fuel injection volume and flow coefficient between each hole of the same fuel injector. With the increase of the fuel injection pump speed, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each hole differs by 2.8%–47.5%, and the average flow coefficient differs by 3.7%–30%; as the fuel injection volume increases, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each injector differs 1.8%–36%, and the average flow coefficient difference is 2.5%–28.7%. The circulating fuel injection volume and flow coefficient of different fuel injectors of the same model are different. With the increase of the fuel injection pump speed, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each injector differs by 3.5%–9.6%, and the average flow coefficient differs by 1.4%–5.7%; as the fuel injection volume increases, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each injector differs 0.3%–5.5%, and the average flow coefficient difference is 2.8–4.2%. The relative flow coefficient of each hole differs from 0 to 0.02, and the nonuniformity differs from 1.8% to 16.9%. The relative circulating fuel injection amount of each hole differs from 0.02 to 0.1, and the nonuniformity differs from 1.1% to 6.9%. The relative flow coefficient of each hole and its nonuniformity is smaller than the relative circulating fuel injection volume of each hole and its nonuniformity.

Failure prediction of reservoir pressure maintenance system at the Prirazlomnoye Arctic Offshore field

Failures of reservoir pressure maintenance system at offshore facilities cause production losses and a significant increase in OPEX. Predicting failures of a water injection pump or its parts can highly improve the overall performance by promptly adjusting operating parameters to prevent failure occurrence or by scheduling maintenance to reduce unplanned repairs and to minimize downtime. This is particularly relevant for Arctic offshore projects, characterized by considerable logistical challenges and substantial environmental safety risks. The paper presents a data-analytic approach for failure prediction for the water injection pump operated at the ice-resistant GBS Prirazlomnaya. The study used pump failure history and field sensor data to predict the technical condition and identify a failed component in advance. An ARIMA model implemented in the R software environment was developed for the analysis. The results demonstrate that the approach works appropriately based on the generalized risk assessment and feedback from subject matter experts.

SYNCHRONIZATION OF STORAGE TANK VOLUME, DISPOSAL WELL VOLUME AND ELECTRIC SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (ESP) PUMP CAPACITY IN DISPOSAL WELL FIELD A

In producing oil, one of the common problems faced by oil and gas companies is the production of a lot of water. Increased water production causes the storage tank to be unable to accommodate the produced water. To overcome the excess water production, some of the water is injected back into the well. In Field A, an innovation has been made for a water injection pump with the driving force coming from the Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) pump. The working principle of this ESP pump is to drain water from the disposal well to the injection well. Therefore, in order for the injection to run optimally, synchronization is carried out starting from the water entering the holding tank, the flow rate in the Disposal well and the pump capacity (ESP) for injecting from the holding well to the injection well. The amount of water flow rate injected through the ESP pump is 9,500 BWPD. For this reason, the capacity of the ESP pump as an injection pump is calculated. First, determine the water level in the tank to control the amount of flow that enters the reservoir well. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the water level in the holding tank to get a flow rate of 9,500 BWPD is 4.11 ft. And the results of the calculation of water will be injected using an ESP pump with a number of stages 22 with the TRW Reda Pump Devision pump type. The water will be channeled to the injection well with a type of galvanized iron pipe with a diameter of the main pipe (mainline) of 6 inches. From the disposal well, it flows with a 4 inch pipe as far as 45.93 ft and a 2 inch pipe as far as 2214.57 ft for well 07. As for wells 60, the flowline size is 4 inches as far as 708.66 ft and 2 inches as far as 987.53 ft.

KINERJA POMPA JET EJECTOR DENGAN MODIFIKASI HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR PADA PIPA NORMAL SHOCK

Setiap fluida yang mengalir selalu memiliki bunyi dengan intensitas dan frekwensi tertentu di dalam atau diluar ambang batas audio. Sifat akustik dari aliran fluida ini menjadi ide untuk memodifikasi normal shock diffuser dari suatu sistem fluida dengan menerapkan helmholtz resonator sebagai pengganti normal shock diffuser dengan menggabungkan dua pompa yang di aliri fluida, yaitu pompa sentrifugal tekanan rendah berkapasitas tinggi dan pompa injeksi tekanan tinggi berkapasitas rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan berapa besar pengaruh variasi jumlah pipa kapiler helmholtz resonator terhadap kinerja aliran fluida hidrolik booster-jet ejector pump. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental, dengan menerapkan sensor magneto flow meter arduino mega untuk mengukur kapasitas aliran fluida. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan daya terbesar berada pada helmholtz resonator dengan jumlah 4 pipa kapiler yaitu sebesar 170,914353 Watt. Disimpulkan bahwa kinerja pompa jet-ejector mengalami peningkatan sebesar 36% dari daya sebesar 125 Watt sebelum modifikasi. Kata Kunci : Booster Jet Ejector, Resonator Helmholtz, Normal Shock Every fluid that flows always has a sound with a certain intensity and frequency, within or outside the audio threshold. The acoustic properties of this fluid flow became the idea to modify the normal shock diffuser of a fluid system by applying a Helmholtz resonator as a substitute for the normal shock diffuser by combining two pumps that are fed with fluid entering through a high-capacity low-pressure centrifugal pump and the other pump namely high pressure -low capacity injection pump. This study aims to determine how much the variation in the number of Helmholtz resonator capillaries towards performance of the hydraulic fluid flow of the booster-jet ejector pump. This research is experimental, by applying the arduino mega magneto flow meter sensor to measure the fluid flow capacity. The results of this study show that the greatest power is in the helmholtz resonator with a total of 4 capillary pipes, which is 170.914353 Watt. It is concluded that the performance of the jet-ejector pump has increased by 36% from the power of 125 Watt before modification. Keywords: Booster Jet Ejector, Helmholtz Resonator, Normal Shock

Operation Cycle of Diesel CR Injection Pump via Pressure Measurement in Piston Working Chamber

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the operating cycle of a high-pressure injection pump used in common rail systems. The investigation is based on experimental activities, and it is carried out in a novel pump set-up that allows measurements of the instantaneous pressure in the piston working chamber. A single plunger pump has been equipped with a piezo-resistive pressure transducer which allows for the measurement of the pressure signal during pump operation on a test rig. The paper describes the experimental set-up, the modified injection pump equipped with the pressure transducer, and the experimental tests carried out. Main results obtained using a standard commercial diesel fuel are discussed at first; secondly, the focus moves on to the use of an alternative fuel (biodiesel) whose features in terms of bulk modulus, viscosity, and density significantly differ from the reference fuel. Based on the characteristics of the pump operating cycle, the fuel suction and delivery processes are analyzed, pointing out how the used fuel type is reflected on them. The investigations are aimed at describing the operating characteristics of the pump, focusing the attention on those features playing a fundamental role on the global efficiency of the pump. The amplitudes of the pump-work phases, the ranges of pressure fluctuations, and the pressure-rise rates are quantified and reported, providing crucial indications for lumped parameter modeling and design activities in the field of current generation high-pressure injection pumps.

Volumetric losses of the compression process in a hypocycloidal pump in the light of the gas desorption effect

The effect of gas desorption from the solution with nucleation of gas bubbles is a process that allows to improve fuel atomization in diesel engines. The advantage of such a process, which has been experimentally proven, is a significant reduction in harmful emissions. The conducted research highlighted one of the fundamental problems. This problem concerned the injection pump - it was necessary to design a new construction that would be adapted to the desorption effect. The authors of the work proposed a construction based on a hypocycloidal drive. Due to the nature of the process, i.e. the use of exhaust gases dissolved in diesel fuel, it was very important to analyze the volumetric losses of the compression process - this is the main goal of this article. The authors proved that for the adopted design assumptions, the power of volumetric losses resulting from compressibility is 0.25% of the power consumed by the pump.

Subsea Chemical Storage and Injection- Qualification of HAMPRO 70V Pump

The development of Subsea Chemical Storage & Injection (SCS&I) technology is a continuation of the trend to move more of the hydrocarbon production systems subsea. This is driven by a need to make exploitation of remote resources profitable; unlock single-line long tie-backs and subsea to shore architectures, and to enable tie-ins with otherwise constrained topside infrastructure. The SCS&I System is also a significant contributor to the development of "All-Electric" subsea architecture where the umbilical is reduced to a power and communication cable only. TechnipFMC https://www.technipfmc.com/ and Total https://www.total.com/en are collaborating to develop and qualify the SCS&I technology components and system. In order to make the SCS&I technology competitive and field developments profitable, the reliability of the equipment is paramount. The HAMPRO 70V injection pump is one key component in the system for which high reliability must be ensured. The objective of the qualification program is to confirm the adequate performance of the HAMPRO 70V pump in the following areas: The reliability of the chemically exposed parts and the impact of chemical fluid cleanliness The reliability of the pump and motor rotating parts and the impact of lubricant performance The reliability of the electrical components The impact of transient behaviour on the pressure compensation system, rotating parts and electrical components Due to the similarity of design, smaller versions of the HAMPRO pump will also be qualified by the activities in the program.

Continuous-wave upconversion lasing with a sub-10 W cm−2 threshold enabled by atomic disorder in the host matrix

Microscale lasers efficiently deliver coherent photons into small volumes for intracellular biosensors and all-photonic microprocessors. Such technologies have given rise to a compelling pursuit of ever-smaller and ever-more-efficient microlasers. Upconversion microlasers have great potential owing to their large anti-Stokes shifts but have lagged behind other microlasers due to their high pump power requirement for population inversion of multiphoton-excited states. Here, we demonstrate continuous-wave upconversion lasing at an ultralow lasing threshold (4.7 W cm−2) by adopting monolithic whispering-gallery-mode microspheres synthesized by laser-induced liquefaction of upconversion nanoparticles and subsequent rapid quenching (“liquid-quenching”). Liquid-quenching completely integrates upconversion nanoparticles to provide high pump-to-gain interaction with low intracavity losses for efficient lasing. Atomic-scale disorder in the liquid-quenched host matrix suppresses phonon-assisted energy back transfer to achieve efficient population inversion. Narrow laser lines were spectrally tuned by up to 3.56 nm by injection pump power and operation temperature adjustments. Our low-threshold, wavelength-tunable, and continuous-wave upconversion microlaser with a narrow linewidth represents the anti-Stokes-shift microlaser that is competitive against state-of-the-art Stokes-shift microlasers, which paves the way for high-resolution atomic spectroscopy, biomedical quantitative phase imaging, and high-speed optical communication via wavelength-division-multiplexing.