An Experimental Investigation on Polypyrrole Films Electro-Polymerized under a High Transverse Electric Field

2013 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
D.M.G. Preethichandra
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Transverse Field ◽  
Transverse Electric Field ◽  
Peak Voltage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polypyrrole Films ◽  
Transverse Electric Fields ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Polypyrrole films were electrodeposited under different high transverse electric fields, and their film morphologies and functionalities were investigated. The surface morphology at the initial polymerization stage was investigated under AFM and the cross sectional morphologies of fully grown films were investigated by SEM. Both these microscopic investigations revealed the film morphology has been influenced by the applied transverse field. The cyclic voltammetry tests illustrate a reduction in the anodic peak voltage with the increase of transverse field. All these results suggest that the polymer electro-polymerized under a transverse high transverse electric field has some degree of pre-orientation compared to the films synthesized without a transverse electric field.

Das toroidale schwachionisierte Magnetoplasma I

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1890-1903
Author(s):  
F. Karger
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Refined Theory ◽  
Toroidal Plasma ◽  
Dc Discharge ◽  
Transverse Electric Fields

In a previous paper31 discrepancies between theory and experiment were found on investigating the positive column in a curved magnetic field. The approximation derived in 31 for the torus drift in a weakly ionized magnetoplasma is therefore checked here (Part I) with a refined theory which also yields the transverse electric field strength. Experimentally, both the transverse electric fields and the density profiles in the DC discharge were determined in addition to the longitudinal electric field strength.The discrepancies occurring in 31 are ascribed to the fact that the plasma concentrates at the cathode end of the magnetic field coils, this effect having a considerable influence on the form of the transverse density profile and on the stability behaviour. Part II later will show how the influence of this concentration can be eliminated and what effect in the current-carrying toroidal plasma causes a marked reduction of the charge carrier losses.

Calculation of the transverse conductivity for electrons interacting with waves in strong electric fields

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (23) ◽  
pp. 2659-2661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold N. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Optical Lattice ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Lattice Vibrations ◽  
Transverse Electric Fields ◽  
Transverse Conductivity ◽  
Strong Electric Fields ◽  
The Waves

We have obtained the transverse a.c. conductivity for electrons interacting with waves in the presence of strong d.c. electric fields. The presence of the d.c. electric field leads to the introduction of a drifted distribution function for the electrons and a complex, field-dependent temperature. The expression for the transverse a.c. conductivity can be used to find the effects of the electric field on the propagation and absorption of waves in solids which induce transverse electric fields. We have applied our results to the interaction of electrons with transverse optical lattice vibrations and find that for all values of ql, it is the drifted distribution function which leads to the amplification of the waves.

scholarly journals Shielding effects of myelin sheath on axolemma depolarization under transverse electric field stimulation

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Ye ◽  
Jeffrey Ng
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Transmembrane Potential ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Myelinated Axon ◽  
Transverse Electric Field ◽  
Unmyelinated Axon ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Cable Equation

Axonal stimulation with electric currents is an effective method for controlling neural activity. An electric field parallel to the axon is widely accepted as the predominant component in the activation of an axon. However, recent studies indicate that the transverse component to the axolemma is also effective in depolarizing the axon. To quantitatively investigate the amount of axolemma polarization induced by a transverse electric field, we computed the transmembrane potential (Vm) for a conductive body that represents an unmyelinated axon (or the bare axon between the myelin sheath in a myelinated axon). We also computed the transmembrane potential of the sheath-covered axonal segment in a myelinated axon. We then systematically analyzed the biophysical factors that affect axonal polarization under transverse electric stimulation for both the bare and sheath-covered axons. Geometrical patterns of polarization of both axon types were dependent on field properties (magnitude and field orientation to the axon). Polarization of both axons was also dependent on their axolemma radii and electrical conductivities. The myelin provided a significant “shielding effect” against the transverse electric fields, preventing excessive axolemma depolarization. Demyelination could allow for prominent axolemma depolarization in the transverse electric field, via a significant increase in myelin conductivity. This shifts the voltage drop of the myelin sheath to the axolemma. Pathological changes at a cellular level should be considered when electric fields are used for the treatment of demyelination diseases. The calculated term for membrane polarization (Vm) could be used to modify the current cable equation that describes axon excitation by an external electric field to account for the activating effects of both parallel and transverse fields surrounding the target axon.

scholarly journals Анизотропные триггерные электрические свойства двумерных сверхрешеток

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Д.В. Завьялов ◽  
В.И. Конченков ◽  
С.В. Крючков
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Transverse Field ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Transverse Electric Field ◽  
Spontaneous Generation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Longitudinal Current ◽  
Impulse Action

The problem of spontaneous generation of a transverse electric field in a two-dimensional superlattice with an additive spectrum when the pulling field changes is considered. It is shown that in the case the width of the minizone coincides in the longitudinal and transverse directions, when the pulling field reaches a certain threshold value, two equally probable states of the system arise, corresponding to the appearance of a transverse field of different signs, which leads to a fracture on the longitudinal volt-ampere characteristic. In case of deviation from the width equality of the minizone, one of these states becomes energetically more preferable, but with some impulse action the system can move to the second state, which leads to a jump-like change in the longitudinal current in the superlattice.

scholarly journals Spin current distribution in antiferromagnetic zigzag graphene nanoribbons under transverse electric fields

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Eric P. Fahrenthold
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Graphene Nanoribbons ◽  
Spin Current ◽  
Differential Resistance ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Current Transmission ◽  
Transverse Electric Fields ◽  
Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons

AbstractThe spin current transmission properties of narrow zigzag graphene nanoribbons (zGNRs) have been the focus of much computational research, investigating the potential application of zGNRs in spintronic devices. Doping, fuctionalization, edge modification, and external electric fields have been studied as methods for spin current control, and the performance of zGNRs initialized in both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin states has been modeled. Recent work has shown that precise fabrication of narrow zGNRs is possible, and has addressed long debated questions on their magnetic order and stability. This work has revived interest in the application of antiferromagnetic zGNR configurations in spintronics. A general ab initio analysis of narrow antiferromagnetic zGNR performance under a combination of bias voltage and transverse electric field loading shows that their current transmission characteristics differ sharply from those of their ferromagnetic counterparts. At relatively modest field strengths, both majority and minority spin currents react strongly to the applied field. Analysis of band gaps and current transmission pathways explains the presence of negative differential resistance effects and the development of spatially periodic electron transport structures in these nanoribbons.

The giant Stark effect in armchair-edge phosphorene nanoribbons under a transverse electric field

2018 ◽  
Vol 382 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benliang Zhou ◽  
Benhu Zhou ◽  
Pu Liu ◽  
Guanghui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Stark Effect ◽  
Transverse Electric ◽  
Transverse Electric Field
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