A Review on Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquids Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis through Transesterification

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Yong Han ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Rong Qun Deng ◽  
Xiang Feng Xiong ◽  
Chao Yin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Preparation

Biodiesel has attracted considerable interest in recent years as an alternative, biodegradable and nonpolluting transportation fuel. Conventional alkaline process for biodiesel production are energy consuming and generate undesirable by-products such as soaps, that make difficult the separation and purification of biodiesel. Ionic liquids as environmentally benign chemical solvent, had been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, they could be applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. Ionic liquids can improve the catalytic activity and they have wide utilization prospect in biodiesel preparation. In this paper, the advances in the Brønsted ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production through transesterification of oils and fats were reviewed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

Progress in Research of Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid Catalysts for Synthesis of Biodiesel through Esterification of Fatty Acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Ben Yong Han ◽  
Rong Qun Deng ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Xiang Feng Xiong ◽  
Chao Yin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Preparation

Biodiesel has attracted considerable interest in recent years as an alternative, biodegradable and nonpolluting transportation fuel. Conventional alkaline process for biodiesel production are energy consuming and generate undesirable by-products such as soaps, that make difficult the separation and purification of biodiesel. Ionic liquids as environmentally benign chemical solvent, had been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, they could be applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. Ionic liquids can improve the catalytic activity and they have wide utilization prospect in biodiesel preparation. In this paper, the advances in the Brønsted ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production through esterification of fatty acids were reviewed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

Progress in Research of Lewis Acid Ionic Liquids Used as Catalyst in Biodiesel Synthesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Yong Han ◽  
Wu Di Zhang ◽  
Yu Bao Chen ◽  
Fang Yin ◽  
Shi Qing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Preparation ◽  
Catalytic Reaction Mechanism

onic liquid is a green catalyzer and solvent which can be designed by changing the structure of its cation or anion. Ionic liquid has been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, Ionic liquids as environmentally friendly catalysts were applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. In this paper, the advances in the Lewis acid ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production were reviewed. The characterization of the ionic liquids were summarized. The catalytic reaction mechanism of the Lewis acid ionic liquids in the biodiesel production was discussed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the Lewis acid ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

A Review on Biodiesel Synthesis Using Catalyzed Transesterification Base Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Yong Han ◽  
Wu Di Zhang ◽  
Yu Bao Chen ◽  
Fang Yin ◽  
Shi Qing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Production Preparation

onic liquid is a green catalyzer and solvent which can be designed by changing the structure of its cation or anion. Ionic liquid has been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, Ionic liquids as environmentally friendly catalysts were applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. In this paper, the advances in the base ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production were reviewed. The characterization of the ionic liquids were summarized. In addition, the prospect for the application of the basic ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Ngee Sing Chong ◽  
Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽  
Saidi Abdulramoni ◽  
Shruthi Perna ◽  
Beng Guat Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

scholarly journals Design of low-cost ionic liquids for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1728-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthe George ◽  
Agnieszka Brandt ◽  
Kim Tran ◽  
Shahrul M. S. Nizan S. Zahari ◽  
Daniel Klein-Marcuschamer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
The Cost

The cost of ionic liquids (ILs) is a barrier to utilization in cellulosic biorefinery pretreatment. Our low-cost [HSO4]− ILs are nearly as efficient as standard [OAc] options.

Non-Edible Oil Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation Technologies Using Waste-Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived From Natural Calcium Oxide

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-111
Author(s):  
Mahanum Mohd Zamberi ◽  
Farid Nasir Ani
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
The Cost

Biodiesel production or synthesis by non-edible oils has been introduced recently due to its potential to overcome the problems associated with first generation of feedstock, especially the competition between food and transport biofuel. The production of this non-edible resource could be done without major investment and benefit many parties involved: agricultural sector, job creator, biodiversity, and many other benefits. Microwave-assisted technique has been found as one of the methods that has the potential to be a highlight due to its ability to reduce the cost production and produce higher quality biodiesel as well. This method has been identified to enhanced and accelerate the transesterification process in order to obtain higher yields in the biodiesel synthesis. Continuous process in the other hand seems to be more significant when compared to batch solution. This review is an attempt to gather and summarize the existing literature and study the natural heterogeneous catalyst as one of the green and economic methods using microwave irradiation method.

scholarly journals An Efficient and Stable Magnetic Nano-Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis in Recyclable Ionic Liquids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Xing ◽  
Zi Wen Zhou ◽  
Yun Jie Wei ◽  
Yan Hong Liu ◽  
Kun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Imidazolium Cation ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Abstract Transesterification of jatropha oil obtaining process was studied for biodiesel production. Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) immobilized on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 was employed as a biocatalyst. The immobilized lipase was confirmed by scanning electron microcopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) techniques. The efficient biodiesel synthesis in ionic liquids using immobilized RML was demonstrated. Fifteen kinds of ionic liquids based on different alkyl chain lengths of the methyl imidazolium cation ([C2MIM], [C4MIM], [C8MIM], [C12MIM] and [C16MIM]) combined with [NTf2], [N(CN)2], [PF6] or [BF4] anions were assayed as reaction media for RML producing biodiesel. The highest synthetic activity of immobilized RML appeared in [BMIM][PF6], which is more than five times higher than the free enzyme. The enzyme catalytic activity remained 60% even after the magnetic nano-biocatalyst and ionic liquid had been reused 5 times in a 48-hour reaction cycle. In addition, the immobilized enzyme exhibited excellent storage stability with almost no decrease in catalytic activity after storing at -20°C for 98 days.

scholarly journals Calcium oxide based catalysts for biodiesel production: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljka Kesic ◽  
Ivana Lukic ◽  
Miodrag Zdujic ◽  
Ljiljana Mojovic ◽  
Dejan Skala
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Complex Catalyst ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Mild Temperature

Vegetable oils are mainly esters of fatty acids and glycerol, which can be converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel, by the transesterification reaction with methanol. In order to attain environmental benignity, a large attention has been focused in the last decades on utilizing heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production instead the homogenously catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil. The pure CaO or CaO mixed with some other metal oxide due to its low solubility in methanol, FAME and glycerol, low cost and availability is one of the most promising among the proposed heterogeneous catalysts. Solid catalysts which contain CaO usually fulfill a number of important requirements, such as high activity at mild temperature, marginal leaching of Ca cations, long life activity, reusability in transesterification of vegetable oil and easy recovery from the final products of transesterification (FAME and glycerol). This review is focused to the recent application of pure CaO or CaO in complex catalyst structure and their use as heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel synthesis and suitability for industrial application.

Indonesia Natural Zeolite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 872 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Bachrun Sutrisno ◽  
Alif Muhammad ◽  
Zikriani Genta ◽  
Arif Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

The problem associated with biodiesel production is economic feasibility. The biodiesel cost will reduce when the low cost feedstock was used. Kapok seed oil (KSO) is a promising candidate as raw material for biodiesel synthesis. In this research, the investigation of biodiesel synthesis from KSO was studied using Indonesia Natural Zeolite as heterogeneous catalysts. The catalyst was tested to synthesize biodiesel from KSO. The reaction temperatures, KSO to methanol mole ratio, and catalyst amount were varied to examine their effects on biodiesel synthesis. The highest biodiesel yield of 84% were obtained at 65°C of reaction temperature, 1:16 of KSO to methanol mole ratio, and 10% of catalyst amount.

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