Progress in Research of Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid Catalysts for Synthesis of Biodiesel through Esterification of Fatty Acids

Biodiesel has attracted considerable interest in recent years as an alternative, biodegradable and nonpolluting transportation fuel. Conventional alkaline process for biodiesel production are energy consuming and generate undesirable by-products such as soaps, that make difficult the separation and purification of biodiesel. Ionic liquids as environmentally benign chemical solvent, had been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, they could be applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. Ionic liquids can improve the catalytic activity and they have wide utilization prospect in biodiesel preparation. In this paper, the advances in the Brønsted ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production through esterification of fatty acids were reviewed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

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A Review on Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquids Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis through Transesterification

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.46 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 389 ◽

pp. 46-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ben Yong Han ◽

Tao Li ◽

Rong Qun Deng ◽

Xiang Feng Xiong ◽

Chao Yin Chen

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Low Cost ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Separation And Purification ◽

Transportation Fuel ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Energy Consuming ◽

The Cost ◽

Production Preparation

Biodiesel has attracted considerable interest in recent years as an alternative, biodegradable and nonpolluting transportation fuel. Conventional alkaline process for biodiesel production are energy consuming and generate undesirable by-products such as soaps, that make difficult the separation and purification of biodiesel. Ionic liquids as environmentally benign chemical solvent, had been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, they could be applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. Ionic liquids can improve the catalytic activity and they have wide utilization prospect in biodiesel preparation. In this paper, the advances in the Brønsted ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production through transesterification of oils and fats were reviewed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

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Progress in Research of Lewis Acid Ionic Liquids Used as Catalyst in Biodiesel Synthesis

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.181 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 773 ◽

pp. 181-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ben Yong Han ◽

Wu Di Zhang ◽

Yu Bao Chen ◽

Fang Yin ◽

Shi Qing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Lewis Acid ◽

Low Cost ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

The Cost ◽

Production Preparation ◽

Catalytic Reaction Mechanism

onic liquid is a green catalyzer and solvent which can be designed by changing the structure of its cation or anion. Ionic liquid has been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, Ionic liquids as environmentally friendly catalysts were applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. In this paper, the advances in the Lewis acid ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production were reviewed. The characterization of the ionic liquids were summarized. The catalytic reaction mechanism of the Lewis acid ionic liquids in the biodiesel production was discussed. In addition, the prospect for the application of the Lewis acid ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

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A Review on Biodiesel Synthesis Using Catalyzed Transesterification Base Ionic Liquids as Catalyst

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.303 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 772 ◽

pp. 303-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ben Yong Han ◽

Wu Di Zhang ◽

Yu Bao Chen ◽

Fang Yin ◽

Shi Qing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Chemical Reactions ◽

Low Cost ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

The Cost ◽

Production Preparation

onic liquid is a green catalyzer and solvent which can be designed by changing the structure of its cation or anion. Ionic liquid has been used in diverse chemical reactions. Especially, Ionic liquids as environmentally friendly catalysts were applied in biodiesel production. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by ionic liquids have many merits, such as no corrosion to equipment, no pollution to environment, and reusability. In this paper, the advances in the base ionic liquids catalysts and their application in biodiesel production were reviewed. The characterization of the ionic liquids were summarized. In addition, the prospect for the application of the basic ionic liquids to catalyze biodiesel production was also stated. Since the cost of ionic liquid may be an issue, there are some challenges to be faced, such as the production of ionic liquids with low cost, easy recovery and with the possibility of reutilization of the catalyst for several cycles.

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Chlorocuprate(i) ionic liquid as an efficient and stable Cu-based catalyst for hydrochlorination of acetylene

Catalysis Science & Technology ◽

10.1039/c9cy00401g ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 2868-2878 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yanfei Ren ◽

Botao Wu ◽

Fumin Wang ◽

Hang Li ◽

Guojun Lv ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Efficient

Chlorocuprate(i) ionic liquids can be well-stabilized, low-cost, efficient and green non-mercury catalysts for hydrochlorination of acetylene.

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Study on the Performance of the Ionic Liquids [Emim]CH3SO3 and [Emim]PF6 to Prepare the Biosensor of the Detection of Heavy Metals in Seawater

Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems ◽

10.14447/jnmes.v20i1.288 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 013-020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xuhui Ma ◽

Shipeng Zhao ◽

Shuping Zhang

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Heavy Metal Ions ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sensor Applications ◽

Electrochemical Window ◽

Significant Difference

Electrochemical sensors can detect the heavy metal ions in seawater quickly, conveniently and accurately with the advantages such as the fast detection speed, the simple operability and the low cost. The ionic liquid [Emim]CH3SO3 showed excellent electrochemical performance and could meet the initial application requirements as electrochemical sensors. The characters of the ionic liquids [Emim]CH3SO3 and [Emim]PF6 which include IR, LC-MS, conductivity, electrochemical window and viscosity were detected. The influ-ence of trace impurity on the conductivity of the ionic liquids was investigated. Results suggested that the conductivity of the ionic liquids increased with the concentration of the added organic solvents. In addition, though the conductivity of the ionic liquids increased with temperature, there is no significant difference in the influence of the same impurity at varying temperatures. Muti Walls Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) are appropriate materials which are commonly used materials for electrochemical sensor applications. The effect of theImidaz-olium-based ionic liquids on the performance of the conductivity of the MWCNTs was studied. It was found that Ionic liquid is an excellent extraction agent for metal ions and its presence in the sensor system improves significantly the detection of heavy metal ions.

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CHORUME COMO FONTE DE NUTRIENTE NA PRODUÇÃO DA BIOMASSA MICROALGAL

e-xacta ◽

10.18674/exacta.v12i2.2746 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Najla Postaue ◽

Leila Cristina Moraes ◽

Rosa Maria Farias Asmus

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Culture Media ◽

Biomass Conversion ◽

Low Cost ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Microalgae Cultivation ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Promising Source

A biomassa de microalgas tem apresentado potencial para produção de biodiesel, contudo a viabilidade do cultivo de microalgas depende de fonte de nutrientes de baixo custo. O presente estudo objetivou utilizar o chorume como fonte de nutrientes para microalgas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos visando avaliar a obtenção da biomassa microalgal, conversão de lipídios e rendimento em ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, para os meios de cultivos utilizando 5%, 12% e 20% de chorume, com concentrações de 0,02, 0,05 e 0,08 g N. L-1 e para meio de controle contendo 1% de, Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Potássio (K), na concentração de 20 g L-1, 5 g L-1 e 20 g L-1, respectivamente. A microalga utilizada neste trabalho foi a de classe Chlorophyceae e família Coccomyxaceae. Os resultados demonstraram que o meio com concentração de 12% de chorume obteve melhores resultados, possibilitando alcançar 1,19 g de biomassa, conversão de 108,15 mg g-1 de lipídios e conteúdo de ésteres de 410,77mg g-1, a microalga utilizada apresentou ainda predominância dos ácidos graxos palmítico e oleico, apresentando baixa quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados o que pode fornecer ao combustível, resistência ao frio. E tais aspectos demonstraram que o chorume pode ser uma fonte promissora de nutrientes para o cultivo das microalgas estudadas. AbstractMicroalgae biomass has presented potential for biodiesel production, however the viability of microalgae cultivation depends on low cost nutrient source. The present study aimed to use leachate as a source of nutrients for microalgae. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the microalgal biomass, lipid conversion and yield in fatty acid methyl esters, for the culture media using 5%, 12% and 20% leachate, with concentrations of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 g N. L-1 and for control medium containing 1% Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K), at a concentration of 20 g L-1, 5 g L-1 and 20 g L-1, respectively. The microalgae used in this work was Chlorophyceae class and Coccomyxaceae family. The results showed that the medium with a concentration of 12% of leachate obtained better results, allowing to reach 1.19 g of biomass, conversion of 108.15 mg g-1 of lipids and esters content of 410,77 mg g-1. The microalgae used also presented predominance of palmitic and oleic fatty acids, presenting low amount of saturated fatty acids which can provide the fuel with cold resistance. And these aspects demonstrated that the leachate can be a promising source of nutrients for the cultivation of the studied microalgae.

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Separation and Purification of ω-6 Linoleic Acid from Crude Tall Oil

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations7010009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md Shariful Islam ◽

Lew P. Christopher ◽

Md Nur Alam

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Low Cost ◽

Value Added ◽

Resin Acids ◽

Separation And Purification ◽

Tall Oil ◽

Paper Mills ◽

Tall Oil Fatty Acids

Crude tall oil (CTO) is the third largest by-product at kraft pulp and paper mills. Due the large presence of value-added fatty and resin acids, CTO has a huge valorization potential as a biobased, readily available, non-food, and low-cost biorefinery feedstock. The objective of this work was to present a method for the isolation of high-value linoleic acid (LA), an omega (ω)-6 essential fatty acid, from CTO using a combination of pretreatment, fractionation, and purification techniques. Following the distillation of CTO to separate the tall oil fatty acids (TOFAs) from CTO, LA was isolated and purified from TOFAs by urea complexation (UC) and low-temperature crystallization (LTC) in the temperature range between −7 and −15 °C. The crystallization yield of LA from CTO in that range was 7.8 w/w at 95.2% purity, with 3.8% w/w of ω-6 γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and 1.0% w/w of ω-3 α-linolenic (ALA) present as contaminants. This is the first report on the isolation of LA from CTO. The approach presented here can be applied to recover other valuable fatty acids. Furthermore, once the targeted fatty acid(s) are isolated, the rest of the TOFAs can be utilized for the production of biodiesel, biobased surfactants, or other valuable bioproducts.

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Combination of fatty acids extraction and enzymatic esterification for biodiesel production using sludge palm oil as a low-cost substrate

Renewable Energy ◽

10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 146 ◽

pp. 901-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Papasanee Muanruksa ◽

Pakawadee Kaewkannetra

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Low Cost ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Enzymatic Esterification ◽

Sludge Palm Oil ◽

Low Cost Substrate

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Green Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Basic Ionic Liquid

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.379 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 291-294 ◽

pp. 379-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yong Gang Guo ◽

Bao Hua Huang ◽

Na Shi ◽

Xiao Zhong Ma ◽

Yan Ping Huo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Processing Time ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Efficient Catalyst ◽

Basic Ionic Liquid ◽

Alkyl Side Chains ◽

Biphasic Systems ◽

Operational Simplicity

Transesterification were carried out under microwave irradiation conditions and the effects of imidazolium hydroxide with different branched alkyl side-chains ([Cnmim]OH, n = 2, 3, 4) were investigated. The results showed that less than conventional amount of NaOH, and the alkaline ionic liquids formed clearly biphasic systems immediately after the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was finished. The method offers significant improvement over conventional techniques in terms of operational simplicity, processing time reduction and excellent yields. Among the imidazolium salts studied, [C2mim]OH proved to be the most efficient catalyst, affording 96 % yield.

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