Strain Measurement for Sheet Metal Forming Based on Close Range Photogrammetry

2013 ◽  
Vol 475-476 ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Cheng Li ◽  
Jin Liang ◽  
Hao Hu ◽  
Zheng Zong Tang ◽  
Xiang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Epipolar Constraint ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
Close Range

To improve efficiency and automation of the 3D full-field surface strain measurement for sheet metal forming, a new grid strain measuring scheme was developed based on the close-range photogrammetry technology. A Local Canny Detector algorithm was proposed for grid nodes and coded targets detection. A 10-parameters nonlinear camera model and the bundle adjustment algorithm were used to optimize the calibration parameters. A multi-epipolar constraint method was employed for grid node matching. Finally, the surface strains were calculated according to the changes of the grid sizes. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, a stamping forming experiment was conducted. Experimental results show that the scheme can provide a non-contact, intuitive and effective solution for strain measurement in sheet metal forming process.

CGA: An image processing based software for surface strain analysis in sheet metal forming

2021 ◽  
pp. 030932472199657
Author(s):  
Wankhede Pankaj ◽  
Tejas Radhakrishnan ◽  
Kurra Suresh ◽  
Sudha Radhika
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Flat Sheet

Strain analysis is an essential step in sheet forming applications to understand the deformation behaviour of the material. The strain analysis is conventionally performed by Circle Grid Analysis (CGA). In CGA, a grid of circles with 2 mm–5 mm diameter is printed on a flat sheet and deformed into the required shape. The length of major and minor axes of the deformed ellipses are measured to estimate the strains at different locations of the formed component. The major and minor axes length of the deformed ellipses are measured either by using a manual method or automatic methods. The automated methods are faster and accurate compared to manual methods, but to perform strain measurement using commercially available automatic strain measurement system, is very expensive. Therefore, in this paper, an image processing based software has been developed with user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) for strain measurement and analysis in sheet metal forming operations. The software has been tested on images obtained by printing the ellipses of known dimensions on the flat sheet by laser etching, electrochemical etching and screen printing, which are generally used for printing circular grids on flat sheets for strain analysis in sheet metal forming. It is observed that the edges of the laser engraved ellipse are very slim and easily detected by software compared to other grid printing methods. The developed software can measure the ellipse dimensions with a maximum absolute percentage error of 1.975%. Further, the results of CGA software has been compared with the commercial strain measurement system called Grid Pattern Analyzer (GPA). The mean absolute error in strain measurement using CGA and GPA was found to be 0.0106 and 0.0178, respectively. The statistical test results reveal that there is no evidence to support a claim that there is a difference in mean performance between the two methods.

scholarly journals Laser Welding of High-strength Aluminium Alloys for the Sheet Metal Forming Process

Procedia CIRP ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Enz ◽  
S. Riekehr ◽  
V. Ventzke ◽  
N. Sotirov ◽  
N. Kashaev
Keyword(s):  
Laser Welding ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Metal Forming Process

scholarly journals Methods of determination of frictional resistances in sheet metal forming of car body sheets

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-760
Author(s):  
Tomasz Trzepieciński ◽  
Irena Nowotyńska
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Displacement Speed ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lubrication Conditions

The friction phenomenon existed in almost all plastic working processes, in particular sheet metal forming, is a complex function of the material's properties, parameters of the forming process, surface topography of the sheet and tools, and lubrication conditions. During the stamping of the drawpieces there are zones differentiated in terms of stress and strain state, displacement speed and friction conditions. This article describes the methods for determining the value of the coefficient of friction in selected areas of sheet metal and presents the drawbacks and limitations of these methods.

Investigating Bauschinger Effect and Plastic Hardening Characteristics of Sheet Metal under Cyclic Loading

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasri Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Bauschinger Effect ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Cyclic Hardening ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Metal Forming Process

To improve sheet metal forming process simulation using finite element method, there is a need to incorporate an appropriate constitutive equation capable of describing the Bauschinger effect and the so-called cyclic transient, derived from a near to actual sheet metal forming process testing tool. A cyclic loading tool has been developed to test and record the characteristics of sheet metal deformation by investigating the Bauschinger effect factors (BEF) and cyclic hardening behaviour. Experimental investigation conducted on low carbon steel and stainless steel demonstrates that the tool is able to record sheet metal behaviour under cyclic loading. The results are analysed for signs of the Bauschinger effect and cyclic hardening effect. It was found that the Bauschinger effect does occur during bending and unbending loadings in sheet metal forming process.

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