Anode Dissolution Localization of Copper in Water Electrolytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Boris A. Krasilnikov ◽  
Svetlana I. Vasilevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Dissolution Process ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization Curve ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Copper Dissolution ◽  
Printed Circuits ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Stationary Conditions ◽  
High Degree

This article is devoted to investigating a possibility of using electrochemical machining (ECM) technology in manufacturing of printed circuits. Some investigations into the anodic dissolution of copper in aqueous electrolytes under stationary conditions were conducted. The analysis of potentiodynamic polarization curve character allowed revealing both areas of active and passive copper dissolution as well as areas of only active and only passive dissolution. Electrolytes were identified and the concentration of electrolyte solutions where the dissolution process occurs in the above areas was determined. It is shown how to assess a degree of the ECM process localization in electrolytes with surface activation in the treatment area. A simplified function of the localization degree L = i 0 /i without regard for current efficiency was used in the research. Electrolytes with a high degree of electrochemical dissolution localization were revealed. Potential ranges for each of the electrolytes providing a maximum degree of the localization copper dissolution process localization were determined.

scholarly journals Principles of the express method for controlling interelectrode space condition during wire electrochemical processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
Vasyl Osypenko ◽  
Oleksandr Plakhotnyi ◽  
Oleksii Timchenko
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Discharge Machining ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Electrode Tool ◽  
Space Condition ◽  
Electrochemical Processing ◽  
Electrode Space ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Adaptive Adjustment

In the practical implementation of the sequential wire electrical discharge machining – pulsed electrochemical machining (WEDM – PECM) technology and in order to perform high quality electrochemical processing, there is a need for the real-time operational control of electrical parameters of inter-electrode space and corresponding adaptive correction of amplitude-frequency power supply parameters (AFPSP). In the context presented by the authors, a mathematical apparatus and an algorithm of operational galvanostatic mode monitoring of anode dissolution using wire electrode-tool are proposed. This will allow adaptive adjustment of AFPSP to ensure controlled passage of electrochemical reactions and significantly increase process stability, dissolved surface layer thickness uniformity along entire electrode tool movement trajectory and resulting surface quality.

Electrochemical Machining—Prediction and Correlation of Process Variables

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hopenfeld ◽  
R. R. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Electrolytic Cell ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Electrode Gap ◽  
Electrolyte Flow ◽  
Normal Current Density ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Bubble Layer

The relationship between total current, applied potential, electrolyte flow rate, electrolyte conductivity, and electrode gap in electrochemical machining was investigated experimentally and analytically. An electrolytic cell was designed permitting the electrode gap to be observed and photographed. A 0.25 × 0.375-in. rectangular 1100F aluminum anode was used. Electrode gap varied between 0.013 and 0.033 in. The electrolyte was potassium chloride in concentrations from 0.67 normal to 1.7 normal. Current density range was 40–450 amp/in. and electrolyte flow rate was 0.22 to 0.98 gal/min. The photographs taken of the electrode gap during operation clearly show development of a hydrogen bubble layer next to the cathode. Based upon a mathematical model incorporating the bubble layer, an equation in a nondimensional form has been derived describing the functional relationship between process variables. This equation correlates the experimental data within plus or minus 15 percent. An equation which predicts the local current distribution, and hence anode dissolution rate, along the electrode gap in the direction of electrolyte flow is also presented. Based on the theoretical analysis, optimum operation in electrochemical machining from the standpoint of uniformity of metal removal is discussed.

scholarly journals ACTIVITY AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF DISSOLVING PHASE OF HETEROGENEOUS ALLOY UNDER CONDITIONS OF LOCAL VOLTAMPEROMETRY

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav V. Slepushkin ◽  
Yuliya V. Rublinetskaya ◽  
Elena Yu Moshchenskaya ◽  
Boris I. Kashkarov
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Dissolution Process ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Heterogeneous Alloy ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Heterogeneous Alloys ◽  
Local Voltammetry

The new expressions for the activity coefficients of dissolving phase and for calibration curves i=f(С) are presented as the result of development of previous studies of an anode dissolution process of heterogeneous alloys at the conditions of local voltammetry.

scholarly journals THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

1944 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Carr ◽  
Karl Sollner
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Absolute Permeability ◽  
Ionic Selectivity ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Rotating Tubes ◽  
High Degree

1. The electronegative membranes described in the literature which show a high degree of ionic selectivity (permitting cations to pass and restricting the anions) have serious shortcomings: their absolute permeability is extremely low, much too small for convenient experimentation; their ionic selectivity in most cases is not as perfect as would be desirable, and is moreover adversely affected by prolonged contact with electrolyte solutions. 2. A method has been worked out to prepare membranes substantially free from these defects. Porous collodion membranes were cast on the outside of rotating tubes and then oxidized with 1 M NaOH. By allowing the oxidized porous membranes to dry in air on the tubes membranes of desirable properties are obtained. These membranes are smooth, have a well defined shape, and allow considerable handling without breaking. 3. This new type membrane when tested for ionic selectivity by the measurement of the "characteristic concentration potential," consistently gives potentials of 54 to 55 mv., the maximum thermodynamically possible value (at 25°C.) being 55.1 mv. This high degree of ionic selectivity is not lost on prolonged contact with water, and is only very slowly affected by electrolyte solutions. 4. The absolute permeability of the new type membranes can be varied over a very wide range by changing the time of oxidation. Under optimum conditions membranes can be obtained with a resistance in 0.1 N KCl solution of only 0.5 ohms per 50 cm.2 membrane area. The absolute rate of cation exchange through these membranes between solutions of different uni-univalent electrolytes is very high, in one case, e.g. 0.9 m.eq. cations per 4 hours, the anion leak being 0.02 m.eq. Thus, the absolute permeability of the new type membranes is two to four orders of magnitude greater than the permeability of the dried collodion membranes and the oxidized ("activated") dried collodion membranes used heretofore. Because of the characteristic properties of the new type membranes the term "megapermselective" (or "permselective") collodion membranes is proposed for them.

Process Experimental Research of Micro-Hole in Electrochemical Micromachining by Nanosecond Pulse Current

2013 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Hong Li Liu ◽  
Zhi Peng Duan
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Current ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Electrochemical Micromachining ◽  
Machining Accuracy ◽  
Anode Dissolution ◽  
Micro Hole ◽  
Processing Accuracy ◽  
Hole Machining

Electrochemical micro-machining (ECMM) is a method that utilizes anode dissolution principle to process shaping. In the Electrochemical machining （ECM）of micro-hole, machining precision is an important aspect to measure machining quality of micro-hole. In this paper micro-hole machining is regarded as the research object, effects of many factors such as power supply natures, electrolyte composition, pulse width and pulse frequency on machining accuracy in micro-hole ECM have been evaluated. Research shows that processing accuracy can be improved through using non-linear electrolyte in high frequency, narrow pulse electrochemical machining.

Choice of electrolyte for electrochemical machining from the point of view of intergranular corrosion

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 3495-3499
Author(s):  
Petr Novák ◽  
Ivo Roušar ◽  
Vladimír Číhal
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Nickel Alloys ◽  
Electrochemical Machining ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Electrochemical Drilling ◽  
65 H ◽  
Nickel Base

In a study of electrochemical drilling, the influence of the electrolyte composition on intergranular corrosion of various nickel alloys and of hardenable stainless steel was investigated. The nickel-base alloys did not undergo intergranular corrosion in a solution of 15% NaNO3 + 20% NaClO3 + 65% H2O, but they did so in solutions of NaNO3 alone and in solutions containing NaCl. Stainless steel did not corrode in any of the electrolyte solutions used.

Tissue section lifting for electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-87
Author(s):  
Adrian F. van Dellen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Specific Determination ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability

The morphologic pathologist may require information on the ultrastructure of a non-specific lesion seen under the light microscope before he can make a specific determination. Such lesions, when caused by infectious disease agents, may be sparsely distributed in any organ system. Tissue culture systems, too, may only have widely dispersed foci suitable for ultrastructural study. In these situations, when only a few, small foci in large tissue areas are useful for electron microscopy, it is advantageous to employ a methodology which rapidly selects a single tissue focus that is expected to yield beneficial ultrastructural data from amongst the surrounding tissue. This is in essence what "LIFTING" accomplishes. We have developed LIFTING to a high degree of accuracy and repeatability utilizing the Microlift (Fig 1), and have successfully applied it to tissue culture monolayers, histologic paraffin sections, and tissue blocks with large surface areas that had been initially fixed for either light or electron microscopy.

Electron Microscopy in Molecular Biology

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Cecil E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

The visualization of organic macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and virus components has reached its high degree of effectiveness owing to refinements and reliability of instruments and to the invention of methods for enhancing the structure of these materials within the electron image. The latter techniques have been most important because what can be seen depends upon the molecular and atomic character of the object as modified which is rarely evident in the pristine material. Structure may thus be displayed by the arts of positive and negative staining, shadow casting, replication and other techniques. Enhancement of contrast, which delineates bounds of isolated macromolecules has been effected progressively over the years as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 by these methods. We now look to the future wondering what other visions are waiting to be seen. The instrument designers will need to exact from the arts of fabrication the performance that theory has prescribed as well as methods for phase and interference contrast with explorations of the potentialities of very high and very low voltages. Chemistry must play an increasingly important part in future progress by providing specific stain molecules of high visibility, substrates of vanishing “noise” level and means for preservation of molecular structures that usually exist in a solvated condition.

A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
P.R. Swann ◽  
A.E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Habit Plane ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.

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