Evaluation and Prediction of Mixture Toxicity of PFOS and PFOA to Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Embryo

The joint toxicity of aniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, and 4-chloroaniline on photobacterium were predicted and evaluated by using concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models, and joint effect indices including toxic units, additive index, mixture toxicity index, and similarity parameter. The tested mixture presented synergism.

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Medicines, shaken and stirred: a critical review on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures

10.7287/peerj.preprints.438 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas Backhaus

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Critical Review ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Ecological Interactions ◽

Independent Action ◽

Soil Organisms ◽

Analytical Monitoring ◽

Marine Flora

Analytical monitoring surveys routinely confirm that organisms in the environment are exposed to complex multi-component pharmaceutical mixtures. We are hence tasked with the challenge to take this into consideration when investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals. This review first provides a brief overview of the fundamental approaches for mixture toxicity assessment, which is then followed by a critical review on the empirical evidence that is currently at hand on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures. It is concluded that, while the classical concepts of Concentration Addition and Independent Action (Response Addition) provide a robust scientific footing, several knowledge gaps remain. This includes in particular the need for more and better empirical data on the effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on soil organisms as well as marine flora and fauna, and exploring the quantitative consequences of toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic and ecological interactions. Increased focus should be put on investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures in environmentally realistic settings.

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The Acute Single and Mixture Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride and Deltamethrin to Guppy (Poecillia reticulata)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-665962/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rully Adi Nugroho ◽

Cornelis van Gestel

Keyword(s):

Dose Level ◽

Adult Male ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Poecilia Reticulata ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Independent Action ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Reference Models ◽

Guppy Fish

Abstract Although herbicide and insecticide contamination of surface waters normally occurs in the form of mixtures, the toxicity interactions displayed by such mixtures have only rarely been characterized. This study evaluated the acute effects of single pesticides (paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, tested in their commercial formulations Gramoxone 276 SL and Decis 25EC) and their equitoxic mixtures on the survival of adult male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Mixture toxicity was evaluated against the reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). In the single treatments, the 72h LC10 and LC50 values were 1.5 and 6.0 mg a.s. L-1 and 0.53 and 3.6 µg a.s. L-1 for paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, respectively. The equitoxic mixtures showed significant paraquat dichloride-deltamethrin antagonism, both based on the CA and the IA model, without significant dose-level dependent deviations.

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The Acute Single and Mixture Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride and Deltamethrin to Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

HAYATI Journal of Biosciences ◽

10.4308/hjb.29.1.47-53 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53

Author(s):

Rully Adi Nugroho ◽

Cornelis Adrianus Maria van Gestel

Keyword(s):

Dose Level ◽

Adult Male ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Poecilia Reticulata ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Independent Action ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Reference Models ◽

Guppy Fish

Although herbicide and insecticide contamination of surface waters normally occurs in the form of mixtures, the toxicity interactions displayed by such mixtures have only rarely been characterized. This study evaluated the acute effects of single pesticides (paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, tested in their commercial formulations Gramoxone 276 SL and Decis 25EC) and their equitoxic mixtures on the survival of adult male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Mixture toxicity was evaluated against the reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). In the single treatments, the 72h LC10 and LC50 values were 1.5 and 6.0 mg a.s. L-1 and 0.53 and 3.6 µg a.s. L-1 for paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, respectively. The equitoxic mixtures showed significant paraquat dichloride-deltamethrin antagonism, both based on the CA and the IA model, without significant dose-level dependent deviations.

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Medicines, shaken and stirred: a critical review on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2013.0585 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 369 (1656) ◽

pp. 20130585 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Thomas Backhaus

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Critical Review ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Ecological Interactions ◽

Independent Action ◽

Soil Organisms ◽

Analytical Monitoring ◽

Marine Flora

Analytical monitoring surveys routinely confirm that organisms in the environment are exposed to complex multi-component pharmaceutical mixtures. We are hence tasked with the challenge to take this into consideration when investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals. This review first provides a brief overview of the fundamental approaches for mixture toxicity assessment, which is then followed by a critical review on the empirical evidence that is currently at hand on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures. It is concluded that, while the classical concepts of concentration addition and independent action (response addition) provide a robust scientific footing, several knowledge gaps remain. This includes, in particular, the need for more and better empirical data on the effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on soil organisms as well as marine flora and fauna, and exploring the quantitative consequences of toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic and ecological interactions. Increased focus should be put on investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures in environmentally realistic settings.

Download Full-text

Medicines, shaken and stirred: a critical review on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures

10.7287/peerj.preprints.438v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas Backhaus

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Critical Review ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Assessment ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Ecological Interactions ◽

Independent Action ◽

Soil Organisms ◽

Analytical Monitoring ◽

Marine Flora

Analytical monitoring surveys routinely confirm that organisms in the environment are exposed to complex multi-component pharmaceutical mixtures. We are hence tasked with the challenge to take this into consideration when investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals. This review first provides a brief overview of the fundamental approaches for mixture toxicity assessment, which is then followed by a critical review on the empirical evidence that is currently at hand on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures. It is concluded that, while the classical concepts of Concentration Addition and Independent Action (Response Addition) provide a robust scientific footing, several knowledge gaps remain. This includes in particular the need for more and better empirical data on the effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on soil organisms as well as marine flora and fauna, and exploring the quantitative consequences of toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic and ecological interactions. Increased focus should be put on investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures in environmentally realistic settings.

Download Full-text