Study on Nanomechanical Properties of Dragonfly Wing

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 1325-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Hsin Chang ◽  
Ku En Ting ◽  
Kuen Tsan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Flight Mechanics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nanoindentation Test ◽  
Nanomechanical Properties ◽  
Dragonfly Wing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

The flight mechanics of dragonflies including hovering and taking off backwards, flight sideways and vertical directions has been attentions in Bionics. The dragonfly wing consists of the networks of various veins and membranes to make the structural properties complicated. In the past investigations, surface characteristics of dragonfly wing were measured by nanoindentation test. Thus the aim of this study will comprehensively concern the nanomechanical properties of veins, membrane and pterostigma of the wing of the dragonfly with nanoindentation. In the mean time, the modulus and hardness of the wing of the dragonfly’s composites including lengthwise vein, transverse vein, membrane and pterostigma are measured. The value of modulus of lengthwise vein is greater than the other structures. The value of modulus of transverse vein is the smallest due to its soft behavior. Its hardness is also smaller than others.

scholarly journals Effect of gingival retraction cord and retraction paste on gingival tissue in fixed prosthodontics impression

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shamsuzzaman ◽  
Sheikh Md Shahriar Quader ◽  
Shakila Fatema ◽  
Md Abdul Gofur ◽  
Khaleda Akter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Hemorrhage Control ◽  
Fixed Prosthodontics ◽  
Abutment Teeth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Reduced Time

Background & Objectives: Of the various gingival retraction systems available in the market, a cordless paste system is fairly new entrant into this field. This system promises to provide an easier method to obtain optimum retraction with excellent hemorrhage control. The present study was designed to clinically evaluate the efficacy of paste retraction system and medicated retraction cords on the basis of relative easy of working, hemorrhage control and amount of vertical gingival retraction. Methods: 40 subjects were selected requiring full veneer restoration where more than one abutment teeth were to be prepared. After the preparation of the abutment teeth flexible scales were used to measure the sulcus depth before retraction and after retraction. Medicated retraction cord technique was used on one abutment tooth and on the other abutment tooth paste retraction system was employed. Subjectively easy of placement and hemorrhage scores was assessed. Results: The mean time taken for paste retraction technique was 45.13 seconds and for medicated retraction cord technique was 105.4 seconds. In all the subjects paste retraction technique was relatively easier as compared with medicated retraction cord technique. Mean hemorrhage scores using paste retraction technique was 0.05 and using medicated retraction cord technique it was 1.70. Mean vertical gingival retraction using paste retraction technique was .36mm and using medicated retraction cord technique was 0.54mm Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, paste retraction system requires reduced time for application, is easier to place, and provides excellent hemorrhage control in comparison to medicated retraction cord. However, medicated retraction cord provides increased amount of vertical retraction as compared to paste retraction technique. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17995 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 20-27

Reliability Analysis of a System with Multiple-Stage Policy Considering Type I and II Errors

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950028
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Imaizumi ◽  
Mitsutaka Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Type I Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Renewal Processes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Markov Renewal Processes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Server System ◽  
Multiple Stages

This paper formulates a stochastic model for a system with illegal access. The server has the function of IDS, and illegal access is checked in multiple stages which consist of simple check and detailed check. In this model, we consider type I and II errors of simple check and a type I error of detailed check. There are two cases where IDS judges the occurrence of illegal access erroneously. One is when illegal access does not occur, and the other is when illegal access occurs. We apply the theory of Markov renewal processes to a system with illegal access, and derive the mean time and the expected checking number until a server system becomes faulty. Further, an optimal policy which minimizes the expected cost is discussed. Finally, numerical examples are given.

Eating and ruminating behaviour in cattle given forages differing in fibre content

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. McLeod ◽  
B. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Forage Diets

ABSTRACTA study was made of the effect of fibre level in forages on eating and rumination behaviour. Eight forage diets were prepared from the leaf and stem fractions of two grasses and two legumes and were given at hourly intervals to four steers under steady-state conditions. Eating and rumination behaviour were measured automatically by recording changes in intra-oesophageal pressure.Mean voluntary intake of leaf was higher than that of the stem fractions (9·9 v. 5·6 kg/day; P < 0·001). This was associated with a shorter mean retention time in the rumen of the leaf than that of the stem fractions (21·4 v. 30·6 h; P < 0·001) and a lower concentration (g/100 g dry matter (DM)) of fibre (52-0 neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and 30·5 acid-detergent fibre (ADF) v. 68·2 NDF and 45·3 ADF). Similar values (P > 0·05) between diets were found for both the water and DM contents of the rumen (60·1 kg, 7·8 kg). Voluntary intake was not related to either.No difference was found between forage diets in the mean time (132 min) and number (18·7) of periods spent eating each day (P > 0·05). Legume leaf fractions were eaten at a faster rate (g/min) than either the grass leaf or the stem fractions. Voluntary intake was related to the rate at which food was eaten (r = 0·89; P < 0·01) but no relationship was found with the time taken to eat food (r = –0·14; P>0·05). Eating rate was related to the level of both NDF (r = –0·91; P < 0·01) and ADF (r = –0·96; P < 0·001).Differences between diets were found in rumination times (mean 425 min; P < 001), the number of boluses regurgitated during each period (27·6; P < 0·05) and during each day (485; P < 0·001), and in the weight of boluses (455 g; P < 0·05). No differences (P > 0·05) were found between diets in the mean number of rumination periods each day (17·6), the mean time spent ruminating during each period (24·3 min), the mean rate at which boluses were regurgitated (53·2 s per bolus), the interval between boluses (5·1 s), and the DM in a bolus (27·5 g). Rumination time and the number of boluses regurgitated either per period or per day were not related to the fibre content of the diet (P > 0·05).The regurgitated boluses from leaf fractions were chewed less than the stem fractions (43·7 v. 54·7 chews per bolus). The regurgitated boluses of lucerne leaf were chewed at a faster rate (1·13 chews per s; P > 0·05) than regurgitated digesta of the other diets which were chewed at similar rates (0·97 chews per s; P > 0·05). The total number of rumination chews made each day by animals given lucerne leaf (12 300) was much lower (P < 0·001) than that by animals given the other fractions (25 300). The number of chews made on each bolus was related to fibre levels in the diets (NDF, r = 0·78, P < 0·05; ADF, r = 0·91, P < 0·01).It is concluded that the voluntary intake of high-fibre diets is not always restricted by rumen fill or rumination. The ease with which forage is eaten should be investigated as a factor influencing intake of fibrous forages.

Seroconversion of puppies to canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus: a comparison of two combination vaccines

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Combination Vaccines ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Mean Time

Sixty puppies were randomly assigned to receive one of two commercially available combination vaccines, and responses to the canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus components of the vaccines were determined by measuring serum antibody titers. The percentage of puppies that seroconverted to canine parvovirus was significantly higher and the mean time for seroconversion was significantly shorter for puppies that received one of the vaccines than for puppies that received the other vaccine. Percentages of puppies that seroconverted to canine distemper virus were not significantly different.

Study of Hazard Rate Functions on the Cumulative Damage Phenomenon

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Rate ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Cumulative Damage ◽  
Hazard Rates ◽  
Type B ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rate Functions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

ABSTRACTIn this paper different failure mechanisms which yield cumulative damage are investigated through two types of hazard rate functions. They have been studied during the past two decades. Type A was developed early by assuming the hazard rate as a function of reliability. There are two kinds of trend, one follows the negative logistic decay model, the other the negative Gompertz decay. Some modifications are suggested according to the failure tendency and convenience of fittings. Type B is developed recently by assuming the hazard rate as a function of the expected operation time, T, which is defined as the integration of reliability over the time, normalized by the mean-time-between-failure. In both types the proposed hazard rates grow with the time monotonically. Typical examples are taken to examine these models, meanwhile the comparisons with the Weibull-typed distribution are also made. The results show that the most of proposed relations are successful in the expression of cumulative damage phenomenon, especially the Type B is a better choice even compared with the Weibull-typed description in some respects. The advantages of the models are discussed based on the physical meanings involved in the parameters.

Studies on the sultana vine. II. The course of bud burst.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Antcliff ◽  
WJ Webster
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Bud Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Sultana vines were examined during bud burst for four seasons, and the date on which each shoot arose was noted. The shoots were later classified as fruitful, barren, or defective. The vines were pruned uniformly in the first season, and two pruning treatments were compared in the other three seasons. In all cases the mean time of bursting a t each bud position was progressively later from the distal to the proximal end of the cane, the number of newly burst buds found at each examination was related to preceding temperatures, and the percentage of fruitful shoots among new shoots found at each examination decreased from the beginning to the end of bud burst. Accessory shoots arising as a result of the death of primary shoots or buds were very rarely fruitful. The results are considered in relation to the discrepancy sometimes found between the percentage of fruitful buds and the percentage of fruitful shoots.

scholarly journals On selecting the most reliable components

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Markov Process ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Series System ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Retrograde Motion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Optimal Policies ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Consider a series system consisting of n components of k types. Whenever a unit fails, it is replaced immediately by a new one to keep the system working. Under the assumption that all the life lengths of the components are independent and exponentially distributed and that the replacement policies depend only on the present state of the system at each failure, the system may be represented by a birth and death process. The existence of the optimum replacement policies are discussed and the ε-optimal policies axe derived. If the past experience of the system can also be utilized, the process is not a Markov process. The optimum Bayesian policies are derived and the properties of the resulting process axe studied. Also, the stochastic processes are simulated and the probability of absorption, the mean time to absorption and the average proportion of the retrograde motion are approximated.

scholarly journals IV. On practical methods for rapid signalling by the electric telegraph

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Mean Time

I am at present engaged in working out various practical applications of the formulæ communicated some time ago in a short article on the “Theory of the Electric Telegraph” (Proceedings, May 17, 1855), and I hope to be able very soon to lay the results in full before the Royal Society. In the mean time, as the project of an Atlantic Telegraph is at this moment exciting much interest, I shall explain shortly a telegraphic system to which, in the course of this investigation, I have been led, as likely to give nearly the same rapidity of utterance by a submarine one-wire cable of ordinary lateral dimensions between Ireland and Newfoundland, as is attained on short air or submarine lines by telegraphic systems in actual use. Every system of working the electric telegraph must comprehend (1) a plan of operating at one extremity, (2) a plan of observing at the other, and (3) a code of letter-signals. These three parts of the system which I propose will be explained in order,—I. for long submarine lines, and II. for air or short submarine lines.

scholarly journals PROPOSALS FOR STRATEGIES IN THE CURRICULA OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
VALENTIN ZICHIL ◽  
VALENTIN NEDEFF ◽  
CAROL SCHNAKOVSZKY ◽  
CĂTĂLIN DROB
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Technical High Schools ◽  
The University ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Virtual Higher Education

<p>Into the past 20 years, in Romania is registered a continuous decrease of the birth rate. At this problem it has to be added the youth wish to work in economics and laws systems, where the length of time study is smaller (only 3 years), gaining the possibility to own rapidly a salary. In those conditions, technical universities have to challenge greater provocations. The paper propose a solution, partially applied in “Vasile Alecsandri” University  of Bacau, to solve some of these new problems using a few solutions such as: “virtual” higher education and distance learning methods in order to achieve as much as is possible from the goals presented in known theories of career development. In the mean time, the strategy of the staff is presented, to make the university attractive for the youth, in order to continue the educational activity and to form better and better qualified specialists, able to face the new techniques technologies in manufacturing and product analysis. A model of curricula for the first two academic years in technical high schools is proposed.</p>

scholarly journals KEPERCAYAAN MEREK DAN BRAND AFFECT SEBAGAI ANTESEDEN DARI LOYALITAS MEREK

Media Ekonomi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Sri Rahayu ◽  
Mugi Harsono
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brand Trust ◽  
Social Expression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
Brand Affect ◽  
Mean Time

The purpose of this paper is to explain the important role of brand and brand loyalty inmarketing activities. This paper also explains the antecedents of brand loyalty. The role of a branddoes not only actas a name, but also increasing the company's competitive advantage. The benefitsof a brand for consumers are, among many others, for emotional, self and social expression,attitudes, values and culture benefits. In the mean time, the role of brand loyalty in marketingis to contribute to the survival of the company, to increase new customer opportunities as well asto reduce marketing costs. To improve a brand loyalty, a companyshould increase its brand trustin advance as it plays an important role in improving brand loyalty. A cpmpany brand trust hastwo dimensions of intention and reliability. Brand affect, on the other hand, is an important forimproving a brand loyalty. Therefore,a company’sbrand trust and brand affect should be improvedfor the brand loyalty to improve as well.Key words : Brand trust, Brand Affect, Brand Loyalty

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