Categorization of Bridges by Failure Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Milan Holický ◽  
Jiří Kolísko
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Advanced Method ◽  
Elementary Method ◽  
Consequence Class ◽  
Bridge Failure

Categorization of bridge constructions by the failure consequences due to loss of ultimate capacity or serviceability is a difficult task that can be resolved using two different approaches: elementary method using currently valid standards advanced method based on risk assessment. The elementary method is grounded on subjective assessment of bridge malfunctioning or collapse. The bridge is classified into an appropriate category (consequence class) in accordance with the most severe consequence. It is a simple procedure that may be applied without the need of demanding mathematical procedures. However, the resulting categorization may be affected by uncertainties in the assessment of consequences. The advanced method is based on a comprehensive analysis of bridge malfunctioning using a procedure of risk assessment. This method takes account of the occurrence probability of unfavourable events and the significance of individual consequences. Classification of a bridge construction into an appropriate category depends on the resulting risk of the bridge failure. This more laborious approach provides credible results without excessive uncertainties. The most adverse difficulty of the method is a combination of some consequences like the loss of life and economic costs. Both the above-mentioned approaches to the categorization of bridges by failure consequences can be effectively used depending on the type of bridge, on the intensity of exploitation, on expected consequences, and on social impacts of bridge malfunctioning.

Objective and parametric methods used in functional classification disabled swimmers

Physiotherapy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Uścinowicz ◽  
Wojciech Seidel ◽  
Paweł Zostawa ◽  
Sebastian Klich
Keyword(s):  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Athletes With Disabilities ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractThe recent Olympic Games in London incited much interest in the competition of disabled athletes. Various people connected with swimming, including coaches and athletes, have speculated about the fairness of competitions of disabled athletes. A constant problem are the subjective methods of classification in disabled sport. Originally, athletes with disabilities were classified according to medical diagnosis. Due to the injustice which still affects the competitors, functional classification was created shortly after. In the present review, the authors show the anomalies in the structure of the classification. The presented discovery led to the suggestion to introduce objective methods, thanks to which it would be no longer necessary to rely on the subjective assessment of the classifier. According to the authors, while using objective methods does not completely rule out the possibility of fraud by disabled athletes in the classification process, it would certainly reduce their incidence. Some of the objective methods useful for the classification of disabled athletes are: posturography, evaluation of the muscle parameters, electrogoniometric assessment, surface electromyography, and analysis of kinematic parameters. These methods have provide objective evaluation in the diagnostic sense but only if they are used in tandem. The authors demonstrate the undeniable benefits of using objective methods. Unfortunately, there are not only advantages of such solution, there also several drawbacks to be found. The conclusion of the article is the statement by the authors that it is right to use objective methods which allow to further the most important rule in sport: fair-play.

In Vitro Toxicology Methods in Risk Assessment

1996 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-331
Author(s):  
Iain F. H. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Vitro Test

The title of this paper is challenging, because the question of how in vitro methods and results contribute to human health risk assessment is rarely considered. The process of risk assessment usually begins with hazard assessment, which provides a description of the inherent toxicological properties of the chemical. The next step is to assess the relevance of this to humans, i.e. the human hazard assessment. Finally, information on exposure is examined, and risk can then be assessed. In vitro methods have a limited, but important, role to play in risk assessment. The results can be used for classification and labelling; these are methods of controlling exposure, analogous to risk assessment, but without considering exposure. The Ames Salmonella test is the only in vitro method which is incorporated into regulations and used widely. Data from this test can, at best, lead to classification of a chemical with regard to genotoxicity, but cannot be used for classification and labelling on their own. Several in vitro test systems which assess the topical irritancy and corrosivity of chemicals have been reasonably well validated, and the results from these tests can be used for classification. The future development of in vitro methods is likely to be slow, as it depends on the development of new concepts and ideas. The in vivo methods which currently have reasonably developed in vitro alternatives will be the easiest to replace. The remaining in vivo methods, which provide toxicological information from repeated chronic dosing, with varied endpoints and by mechanisms which are not understood, will be more difficult to replace.

scholarly journals Quantitative Ship Collision Frequency Estimation Models: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Mirko Čorić ◽  
Sadko Mandžuka ◽  
Anita Gudelj ◽  
Zvonimir Lušić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Collision Frequency ◽  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
Ship Collision ◽  
Estimation Models

Ship collisions are one of the most common types of maritime accidents. Assessing the frequency and probability of ship collisions is of great importance as it provides a cost-effective and practical way to mitigate risk. In this paper, we present a review of quantitative ship collision frequency estimation models for waterway risk assessment, accompanied by a classification of the models and a description of their main modelling characteristics. Models addressing the macroscopic perspective in the estimation of ship collision frequency on waterways are reviewed in this paper with a total of 29 models. We extend the existing classification methodology and group the collected models accordingly. Special attention is given to the criteria used to detect potential ship collision candidates, as well as to causation probability and the correlation of models with real ship collision statistics. Limitations of the existing models and future improvement possibilities are discussed. The paper can be used as a guide to understanding current achievements in this field.

Fault-Tree Model for Risk Assessment of Bridge Failure: Case Study for Segmental Box Girder Bridges

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Davis-McDaniel ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
Weichiang Pang ◽  
Kakan Dey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Box Girder Bridges ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Girder Bridges ◽  
Bridge Failure

scholarly journals Repair of Orbital Floor Fractures: Our Experience and New Technical Findings

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Piombino ◽  
Giorgio Iaconetta ◽  
Roberto Ciccarelli ◽  
Antonio Romeo ◽  
Alessia Spinzia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Orbital Floor ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Orbital Floor Fractures ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Resorbable Materials ◽  
Preoperative Examination

We report our experience with the repair of the orbital floor fractures and present new technical findings. We evaluated 30 subjects with pure blowout fractures treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Federico II University of Naples, Italy, between 2005 and 2007. A preoperative examination by computed tomography scans provided classification of the orbital floor fractures into small and large fractures by measurement of the bone defect to choose the appropriate reconstructive implant materials, resorbable or nonresorbable. The clinical follow-up has been performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. We observed a resolution of preoperative symptoms. The scar was not evident, and there was an absence of postoperative complications. We concluded that the use of resorbable materials for small orbital floor fractures and nonresorbable materials for large orbital floor fractures offers satisfactory results in both functional and aesthetic considerations. Furthermore, the new technical findings allow standardization of the surgical technique to be more accurate, also reducing the economic costs.

scholarly journals A Unified Framework for Classification of Methods for Benefit-Risk Assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Najafzadeh ◽  
Sebastian Schneeweiss ◽  
Niteesh Choudhry ◽  
Katsiaryna Bykov ◽  
Kristijan H. Kahler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Benefit Risk Assessment

scholarly journals Canine Malignant Mammary Tumours II. Adenocarcinomas, Solid Carcinomas and Spindle Cell Carcinomas

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Misdorp ◽  
E. Cotchin ◽  
J. F. Hampe ◽  
Anne G. Jabara ◽  
J. von Sandersleben
Keyword(s):  
Spindle Cell ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
The Times ◽  
Lymphatic Permeation ◽  
Preliminary Classification ◽  
Mammary Adenocarcinomas

A preliminary classification of 130 canine mammary adenocarcinomas, 76 solid carcinomas, and nine spindle cell carcinomas, together with several subtypes, was constructed from pooled, selected (metastasized) material. Each tumour in this series was classified by subjective assessment of its quantitatively predominant histological picture. Many adenocarcinomas and solid carcinomas of simple type were infiltrative, and lymphatic permeation was often found. The complex types of adenocarcinomas and of solid carcinomas were expansive, and lymphatic permeation was rare. Some metastasized adenocarcinomas were well differentiated. The clinical signs, distribution of metastases and some preliminary data on the times of survival of dogs with various types of carcinomas are discussed.

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