A Review on the Use of Engineered Cementitious Composite in Bridges

2016 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abla Krouma ◽  
Zubair Imam Syed
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Highway Bridges ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Cementitious Composite ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Engineered Cementitious Composite ◽  
Water Permeability Coefficient

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) is a material with high ductility, tensile strength and self-healing more than the standard concrete. Applications of ECC are beneficial due to its long life cycle, high strength, low cost in the long-term, low maintenance and environmentally friendly nature. Properties and hardened behavior of ECC highlights that ECC has a tight crack width development, which increases its ability to resist long-term effects of hot, frost and humid weather. Additionally, it results low water permeability coefficient and high steel corrosion resistance compared to other common alternative materials. One of the promising areas of application for ECC is in highway structures, especially highway bridges. Highway structures suffer constantly from adverse environmental loads and often require frequent repairing or replacing due to cracks; expansion; water and chlorides effects which cause steel corrosion or the slope between the pavement, slab and the support at the end of a bridge. Detailed review on different properties and characteristics of ECC and the current applications of ECC clearly highlights the motivation to enhance the use of ECC for bridge construction. In addition, ECC can be introduced in jointless bridges by putting an ECC link slab instead of the expandable mechanical joint.

scholarly journals Microfluidic Long-Term Gradient Generator with Axon Separation Prototyped by 185 nm Diffused Light Photolithography of SU-8 Photoresist

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Futai ◽  
Makoto Tamura ◽  
Tomohisa Ogawa ◽  
Masato Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Microfluidic Channel ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Axon Elongation ◽  
Gradient Generator ◽  
Thin Channel ◽  
Constant Diffusion ◽  
Gradient Generation

We have developed a cast microfluidic chip for concentration gradient generation that contains a thin (~5 μm^2 crosssectional area) microchannel. Durable 2 μm-high microchannel mold features with a smooth bell-shaped sidewall were fabricated by exposing SU-8 photoresist to diffused 185 nm UV light emitted by a low-cost ozone lamp from the backside of the substrate to ensure sufficient crosslinking of small regions of the SU-8 photoresist. An H-shaped microfluidic configuration was used, in which the thin channel was able to maintain constant diffusion fronts beyond purely static diffusion confirmed with experiment. We also demonstrated the long-term effects of a gradient of nerve growth factor on axon elongation by primary neuronal cells cultured in the microfluidic channel.

A computer program for use in sheep enterprise decision making.

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
HG Gardiner ◽  
KR Shackleton
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Kitchen Table

The profitability and long term viability of any business enterprise depends on careful, well thought out, long term planning. The pastoral industry is no exception and management decisions need to be based on the long term as well as short term advantages and disadvantages of any parficular strategy. Examination of the long term effects of management decisions has always been difficult. Not only is the future uncertain but the necessary financial and stock calculations are tedious, particularly if several strategies are considered. A computer program, suitable for use on programmable calculators, has been designed with the specific aim of reducing the tedium of calculation. Emphasis in the design has been placed on flexibility and applicability to actual decsion making situations. The program, devised for use on the Hewlett Packard 41C calculator, is very similar in aim to the model reported by Barber (I 9801, which aimed 'to provide a tool for producers, extension workers and researchers that could be used anywhere from the office desk to the kitchen table'. A recent summary of enterprise modelling work in 'Computers in Farming' (Department of Agriculture, Victoria 1980) indicates that most of the modelling work has been centred around larger, less portable micro-computers. The ease of operation, transportability and low cost of programmable calculators should make them a valuable tool for use on properties by managers. owners, extension workers, bankers and stock agents. They will enable the manager quickly and accurately to assess the likely outcome of various management strategies.

Extended Follow-up of an Educational Intervention Encouraging Appropriate Use of Blood Transfusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-451
Author(s):  
Oren Pasvolsky ◽  
Daniel Shepshelovich ◽  
Tamar Berger ◽  
Boaz Tadmor ◽  
Tzippy Shochat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Transfusion Guidelines ◽  
Restrictive Transfusion Strategy

Introduction: A restrictive transfusion strategy of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) has been associated with at least non-inferior patient outcomes in a variety of clinical settings. In December 2014, we conducted an educational intervention which consisted of an oral presentation and computerized notifications at a single tertiary medical center. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of a simple and low-cost educational intervention aimed to promote awareness to transfusion guidelines. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all PRBC transfusions ordered between 2014 and 2017. The primary end point was defined as the percentage of PRBC transfused to patients with hemoglobin (Hb) ≥8 g/dL. Results: Between 2014 and 2017, a total of 27,475 PRBCs were transfused in our medical center. There was a continuous reduction in the percentage of PRBCs transfused at a Hb level ≥8 g/dL between 2014 and 2017, with a matching increase in the PRBC percentage trans­fused at Hb <7 g/dL (OR reduction of 42%, 95% CI 0.54–0.62 and OR increase of 68% [95% CI 1.56–1.81], respec­tively). Conclusion: A simple educational intervention likely contributed to sustained improvement in the appropriateness of PRBC transfusions.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of Using Engineered Cementitious Composite and High-Strength Bars in Rigid Bridge Piers Based on Seismic Vulnerability Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Yuanhong Hu ◽  
Dayu Yang ◽  
Tengda Feng ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Vulnerability Analysis ◽  
Bridge Piers ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Cementitious Composite ◽  
Engineered Cementitious Composite ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability Analysis

The main function of pier is to transmit the load from superstructure to foundation reliably. Under earthquake action, the main failure reason of bridge is the damage of bridge pier. The application of some high-performance materials is helpful to improve the seismic performance of bridge piers. Based on seismic vulnerability analysis, this paper studies the feasibility of using engineered cementitious composite (ECC) and high-strength bars in bridge piers. Taking a rigid pier as an example, a nonlinear numerical model is established by OpenSees software. The reasonable replacement height of ECC in plastic hinge regions, stirrup ratio of pier section, and replacement rate of high-strength bars are obtained through the seismic performance analysis of the pier. Then, seismic vulnerability of rigid pier with ECC and high-strength bars is analyzed. The results show that it is feasible to improve the seismic performance of the piers by using ECC and high-strength bars. Considering the economic rationality, the replacement height of ECC in plastic hinge regions can be determined according to the curvature change point. For the rigid pier, the economical and reasonable volume stirrup ratio is 0.78%. The ultimate curvature of RC/ECC pier bottom increases by 12.4% when the longitudinal bars of the pier are replaced by high-strength bars, and the energy dissipation capacity increases by 22.5% on average. Compared with the pier’s original design, the exceedance probability of each limit state of the rigid pier with ECC and high-strength bars is significantly reduced. Its seismic performance is superior, and the risk of seismic damage is significantly reduced.

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