Concretes, Modified by the Addition of High-Diffused Chalk, for Small Architectural Forms

2019 ◽  
Vol 968 ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Chepurna ◽  
Olga Borziak ◽  
Svitlana Zubenko

In modern construction, a large variety of small architectural forms are used, for the production of which cement concrete is traditionally used, which should have improved physical and mechanical properties and decorative properties, while having a low cost. Improvement of these properties is achieved through the use of carbonate additives - highly dispersed chalk. Experimental results show that the addition of highly dispersed chalk affects the structure of cement stone, which is represented by low-base hydrosilicates, calcium hydrocarbonate and complex compounds that create a dense structure, which reduces the permeability of the material for corrosive media. It is assumed that the addition of highly dispersed chalk improves the elastic-plastic properties, increases the crack resistance, which provides high performance properties of concrete.

Author(s):  
В.В. Совгира ◽  
В.Н. Совгира

В статье приведены особенности процесса интенсивности развития деструкций, псевдопластического деформирования и разрушения однородно и неоднородно сжатого тяжелого бетона прочностью в диапазоне fc,10 = 23,6; 40,8; 71,0 МПа [2…5 и др.] и отмечаемое отличие процесса интенсивности развития деструкций, деформирования и разрушения одноосно сжатого тяжелого, мелкозернистого и керамзитового бетона прочностью fc,10 = 50,2; 54,9 и 36,9 МПа при «мягком» и «жестком» режимах нагружения одноосно сжатых бетонных призматических колонн 5 типоразмера. Выполнен анализ литературных источников с исследованиями изменения упруго-пластических характеристик vc, Еcsek тяжелого, мелкозернистого и конструкционного керамзитового бетона с учетом влияния значимых факторов и их изменение с увеличением уровня нагрузки при описании зависимости σc-εcх. Установлено, что рекомендованные строительными нормами vcи, и Ес одноосно сжатого бетона количественно и качественно не отражают характер изменения упруго-пластических свойств тяжелого, керамзитового и мелкозернистого бетона (цементно-песчаной матрицы) центрально сжатого бетона с ростом уровня нагрузки. Предложены аналитические выражения зависимости σc-εcх, описывающие опытные значения диаграмм деформирования одноосно сжатого тяжелого, мелкозернистого (цементно-песчаной матрицы) и керамзитобетона серии В призменной прочностью fc,10 =50,2; 54,9 и 36,9 МПа исследованных бетонных образцов 5 группы типоразмеров с «мягким» и «жестким» режимами нагружения. Приведены исследования, свидетельствующие о том, что механизм деформирования и процесс развития деструкций (разуплотнения) структуры цементного камня, тяжелого, мелкозернистого и керамзитобетона с ростом уровня нагрузки отражаются на нелинейном характере изменения упруго-пластических свойств: vc -коэффициента упругости; секущего модуля упругости Еcsek = Еc ∙vc, которые отображают реологические свойства цементных бетонов в рекомендуемых выражениях (1…3). Предложены аналитические выражения зависимости изменения коэффициентов упругости (vc) и коэффициентов интенсивности развития деструкций (KD) одноосно сжатых бетонов с ростом уровня нагрузки при «мягком» и «жестком» режимах нагружения исследованных серий цементных бетонов с использованием: εсx; εсlx ; νсu ; νс, отражающих процесс изменения упруго-пластических свойств тяжелого, керамзитового, мелкозернистого бетона и цементного камня на восходящих и нисходящих участках полных диаграмм деформирования цементных композитов при центральном сжатии кратковременной статической нагрузкой. Исследованиями отмечено, что интенсивность развития деструкций в структуре однородно нагруженного тяжелого бетона существенно (в 1,17 раза) ниже, чем в одноосно сжатом мелкозернистом (цементно-песчаной матрице) и керамзитовом бетоне, и в 1,52 раза менее в цементном камне. Экспериментами установлено характерное расположение уровней параметрических точек Ѳcх; fоcrс; fνcrс тяжелого бетона с ростом уровня нагрузки исследованных видов бетонов, отражающих интенсивность развития деструкций структуры цементных бетонов. The article presents the features of the process of the intensity of the development of destruction, pseudoplastic deformation and fracture of uniformly and inhomogeneously compressed heavy concrete with strength in the range fc,10 = 23,6; 40,8; 71,0 MPa [2...5 and others] and the marked difference in the intensity of the development of destruction, deformation and fracture of uniaxially compressed heavy, fine-grained and expanded clay concrete with strength fc,10 = 50,2; 54,9 and 36,9 MPa under the “soft” and “hard” loading conditions of uniaxially compressed concrete prismatic columns of the 5th standard size. An analysis of literary sources was carried out with studies of changes in the elastic-plastic characteristics of vc, Еcsek heavy, fine-grained and structural expanded clay concrete taking into account the influence of significant factors and their change with increasing load when describing the dependence σc-εcх. It was found that the recommended by the Building Standards vcи , and Ес uniaxially compressed concrete quantitatively and qualitatively do not reflect the nature of the change in the elastic-plastic properties of heavy, expanded clay and fine-grained concrete (cement-sand matrix) of centrally compressed concrete with increasing load level. Proposed analytical expressions of the dependence σc-εcх, describing experimental values of deformation diagrams of uniaxially compressed heavy, fine-grained (cement-sand matrix) and expanded clay concrete of series B with prismatic strength fc,10 = 50,2; 54,9 and 36,9 MPa of the investigated concrete samples of the 5th group of standard sizes with “soft” and “hard” loading conditions. Studies are given that indicate that the mechanism of deformation and the process of development of destructions (decompression) of the structure of cement stone, heavy, fine-grained and expanded clay concrete with increasing load level affects the nonlinear nature of the change in the elastic-plastic properties: vc - coefficient of elasticity; secant modulus of elasticity Еcsek = Еc ∙ vc , which reflect the rheological properties of cement concrete in recommended expressions (1...3). Analytical expressions are proposed for the dependence of changes in the elastic coefficients (vc) and the coefficient of developmental rate of destruction (KD) of uniaxially compressed concrete with an increase in the load level under the “soft” and “hard” loading conditions of the investigated series of cement concrete using: εсx; εсlx ; νсu ; νс , reflecting the process of changing the elastic-plastic properties of heavy, expanded clay, fine-grained concrete and cement stone in the ascending and descending sections of the complete diagrams of deformation of cement composites under central compression with a short-term static load. Studies have noted that the intensity of the development of destruction in the structure of uniformly loaded heavy concrete is significantly (1,17 times) lower than in uniaxially compressed fine-grained (cement-sand matrix) and expanded clay concrete and 1,52 times less in cement stone. The experiments established a characteristic arrangement of the levels of parametric points Ѳcх; fоcrс; fνcrс of heavy concrete with an increase in the load level of the investigated types of concrete, reflecting the intensity of the development of destruction of the structure of cement concrete.


2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (34) ◽  
pp. 1903961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinsheng Wu ◽  
Shuixin Xia ◽  
Yuanqi Huang ◽  
Xiangchen Hu ◽  
Biao Yuan ◽  
...  

1997 ◽  
Vol 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Diefenderfer ◽  
I. L. Al-Qadi ◽  
J. J. Yoho ◽  
S. M. Riad ◽  
A. Loulizi

ABSTRACTPortland cement concrete (PCC) structures deteriorate with age and need to be maintained or replaced. Early detection of deterioration in PCC (e.g., alkali-silica reaction, freeze/thaw damage, or chloride presence) can lead to significant reductions in maintenance costs. However, it is often too late to perform low-cost preventative maintenance by the time deterioration becomes evident. By developing techniques that would enable civil engineers to evaluate PCC structures and detect deterioration at early stages (without causing further damage), optimization of life-cycle costs of the constructed facility and minimization of disturbance to the facility users can be achieved.Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are potentially one of the most useful techniques ever developed for assessing constructed facilities. They are noninvasive and can be performed rapidly. Portland cement concrete can be nondestructively evaluated by electrically characterizing its complex dielectric constant. The real part of the dielectric constant depicts the velocity of electromagnetic waves in PCC. The imaginary part, termed the “loss factor,” describes the conductivity of PCC and the attenuation of electromagnetic waves.Dielectric properties of PCC have been investigated in a laboratory setting using a parallel plate capacitor operating in the frequency range of 0.1 to 40.1MIHz. This capacitor set-up consists of two horizontal-parallel plates with an adjustable separation for insertion of a dielectric specimen (PCC). While useful in research, this approach is not practical for field implementation. A new capacitor probe has been developed which consists of two plates, located within the same horizontal plane, for placement upon the specimen to be tested. Preliminary results show that this technique is feasible and results are promising; further testing and evaluation is currently underway.


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1616-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Cristina Duta ◽  
Aurel Mihail Ţîţu ◽  
Alexandru Marin ◽  
Anton Ficai ◽  
Denisa Ficai ◽  
...  

Polymeric materials, due to their excellent physicochemical properties and versatility found applicability in multiples areas, including biomaterials used in tissue regeneration, prosthetics (hip, artificial valves), medical devices, controlled drug delivery systems, etc. Medical devices and their applications are very important in modern medicine and the need to develop new materials with improved properties or to improve the existent materials is increasing every day. Numerous reasearches are activated in this domain in order to obtain materials/surfaces that does not have drawbacks such as structural failure, calcifications, infections or thrombosis. One of the most used material is poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) due to its unique properties, availability and low cost. The most common method used for obtaining tubular devices that meet the requirements of medical use is the surface modification of polymers without changing their physical and mechanical properties, in bulk. PVC is a hydrophobic polymer and therefore many research studies were conducted in order to increase the hydrophilicity of the surface by chemical modification in order to improve biocompatibility, to enhance wettability, reduce friction or to make lubricious or antimicrobial coatings. Surface modification of PVC can be achieved by several strategies, in only one step or, in some cases, in two or more steps by applying several techniques consecutively to obtain the desired modification / performances. The most common processes used for modifying the surface of PVC devices are: plasma treatment, corona discharge, chemical grafting, electric discharge, vapour deposition of metals, flame treatment, direct chemical modification (oxidation, hydrolysis, etc.) or even some physical modification of the roughness of the surface.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-253
Author(s):  
Marcin Gackowski ◽  
Marcin Koba ◽  
Stefan Kruszewski

Background: Spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography have been commonly applied in pharmaceutical analysis for many years due to low cost, simplicity and short time of execution. Moreover, the latest modifications including automation of those methods have made them very effective and easy to perform, therefore, the new UV- and derivative spectrophotometry as well as high performance thin layer chromatography UV-densitometric (HPTLC) methods for the routine estimation of amrinone and milrinone in pharmaceutical formulation have been developed and compared in this work since European Pharmacopoeia 9.0 has yet incorporated in an analytical monograph a method for quantification of those compounds. Methods: For the first method the best conditions for quantification were achieved by measuring the lengths between two extrema (peak-to-peak amplitudes) 252 and 277 nm in UV spectra of standard solutions of amrinone and a signal at 288 nm of the first derivative spectra of standard solutions of milrinone. The linearity between D252-277 signal and concentration of amironone and 1D288 signal of milrinone in the same range of 5.0-25.0 μg ml/ml in DMSO:methanol (1:3 v/v) solutions presents the square correlation coefficient (r2) of 0,9997 and 0.9991, respectively. The second method was founded on HPTLC on silica plates, 1,4-dioxane:hexane (100:1.5) as a mobile phase and densitometric scanning at 252 nm for amrinone and at 271 nm for milrinone. Results: The assays were linear over the concentration range of 0,25-5.0 μg per spot (r2=0,9959) and 0,25-10.0 μg per spot (r2=0,9970) for amrinone and milrinone, respectively. The mean recoveries percentage were 99.81 and 100,34 for amrinone as well as 99,58 and 99.46 for milrinone, obtained with spectrophotometry and HPTLC, respectively. Conclusion: The comparison between two elaborated methods leads to the conclusion that UV and derivative spectrophotometry is more precise and gives better recovery, and that is why it should be applied for routine estimation of amrinone and milrinone in bulk drug, pharmaceutical forms and for therapeutic monitoring of the drug.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Christie

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the general chemical principles underlying the structures, synthesis and technical performance of azo pigments, the dominant chemical class of industrial organic pigments in the yellow, orange, and red shade areas, both numerically and in terms of tonnage manufactured. A description of the most significant historical features in this group of pigments is provided, starting from the discovery of the chemistry on which azo colorants are based by Griess in the mid-nineteenth century, through the commercial introduction of the most important classical azo pigments in the early twentieth century, including products known as the Hansa Yellows, β-naphthol reds, including metal salt pigments, and the diarylide yellows and oranges, to the development in the 1950s and 1960s of two classes of azo pigments that exhibit high performance, disazo condensation pigments and benzimidazolone-based azo pigments. A feature that complicates the description of the chemical structures of azo pigments is that they exist in the solid state as the ketohydrazone rather than the hydroxyazo form, in which they have been traditionally been illustrated. Numerous structural studies conducted over the years on an extensive range of azo pigments have demonstrated this feature. In this text, they are referred to throughout as azo (hydrazone) pigments. Since a common synthetic procedure is used in the manufacture of virtually all azo (hydrazone) pigments, this is discussed in some detail, including practical aspects. The procedure brings together two organic components as the fundamental starting materials, a diazo component and a coupling component. An important reason for the dominance of azo (hydrazone) pigments is that they are highly cost-effective. The syntheses generally involve low cost, commodity organic starting materials and are carried out in water as the reaction solvent, which offers obvious economic and environmental advantages. The versatility of the approach means that an immense number of products may be prepared, so that they have been adapted structurally to meet the requirements of many applications. On an industrial scale, the processes are straightforward, making use of simple, multi-purpose chemical plant. Azo pigments may be produced in virtually quantitative yields and the processes are carried out at or below ambient temperatures, thus presenting low energy requirements. Finally, provided that careful control of the reaction conditions is maintained, azo pigments may be prepared directly by an aqueous precipitation process that can optimise physical form, with control of particle size distribution, crystalline structure, and surface character. The applications of azo pigments are outlined, with more detail reserved for subsequent papers on individual products.


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