The Present Status of Biological Control

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Value

In a recent paper Taylor (1955) has discussed the status of biological control with particular reference to its present and future value as a method of control of insect pests. A number of his remarks are questionable, and his conclusions that present methods of biological control are of little value are not valid. His broad thesis is that insect pests with which the biological control method is effective have already been satisfactorily dealt with and that there no longer remain problems where spectacular results may be expected: moreover, that with the modern insecticides available, biological control has in many cases been rendered useless. It would be as well therefore to examine carefully his main contentions, and it should be pointed out at the outset that Taylor's criticisms of the methods of biological control, and of the claims made by entomologists working in this field, are vague, and although he does not actually say so he insinuates that biological control workers make or have made unjustified claims as to the success of a number of projects undertaken.

scholarly journals Diversity of the Anisoptera & Zygoptera (Odonata: Insecta) of Swat, Pakistan

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Attaullah ◽  
I. Ullah ◽  
M. Ali ◽  
F. Maula ◽  
I. Ilahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Pantala Flavescens

Abstract Odonates are important biological control agents for the control of insect pests and insect disease vectors of medical and veterinary importance. The present study was conducted to evaluate the odonate fauna of Swat, Pakistan from March to October 2019. A total of 200 specimens of odonates were collected from diverse habitats. The collected specimens of the order Odonata belonged to 5 families, three families of suborder Anisoptera namely Libellulidae, Gomphidae and Aeshnidae while two families of suborder Zygoptera (Chlorocyphidae and Coenagrionidae). The specimens were categorized into 12 genera and 22 species. Libellulidae was the dominant family (n = 138) accounting for 69% of the odonate fauna. Orthetrum was the dominant genus (n = 73) of suborder Anisoptera accounting for 36.5% of the odonate fauna. The least dominant genera were Anax, Paragomphus and Rhyothemis (n = 5 each) accounting each for 2.5% of the odonate fauna. In Zygoptera, the dominant genus was Ceriagrion (12.5%) and the least dominant genus was Ischnura (6%). Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) was the most abundant odonate species in the study area recorded from all surveyed habitats. Shannon Diversity Index (H) was 2.988 and Simpson Diversity Index (D) was 0.95 for the collected odonate fauna. The highest abundance of Odonata was recorded in August, September and May while no odonate species were recorded in January, February, November and December. Lotic water bodies were the most suitable habitats with abundant odonate fauna. Anax immaculifrons (Rambur, 1842) was the largest sized odonate species having a wingspan of 53.2±1.63 mm and body length of 56.3 ± 0.4 mm. The present study shows the status of odonate fauna of Swat, Pakistan in diverse habitats and seasonsonal variation throughout the year. Further work is recommended to bridge the gaps in the existing literature.

Natural enemies and forest pest management

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Nealis
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Forest Practices

Forest insect pest management differs from pest management in other renewable-resource industries because of the relative complexity and stability of the forest environment. An important component of this complexity is the rich fauna of natural enemies attacking most forest insect pests. Understanding the relationship between forest insect pests and their natural enemies would permit better insight into the dynamics of pest populations.The active release of natural enemies in inoculative or inundative release strategies is a direct application of biological control to pest management. The conservation of resident natural enemies is an indirect biological control method with great potential. Knowledge of the ecology of natural enemies can be used to modify other forest practices such as reforestation and insecticide use to conserve or enhance the action of natural enemies.

scholarly journals The recent Canadian record in applied biological control of forest insect pests

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Environmental Compatibility ◽  
Forest Manager

The applied biological control of 21 forest insect pests was recently evaluated in Canada. One-third of these pests have been almost permanently controlled in their present environment. One-third of the pests can be controlled for one to several pest generations. The remaining third were either not controlled or the evaluation of the applied biological control has not been completed. Benefit:cost data are scant and those available are rudimentary. Ratios of at least 20:1 were calculated for two successes with long-term control. Higher ratios were obtained when the control economics were examined from the perspective of the forest manager. Only the production of Bacillus thuringiensis is sufficiently profitable for private industry to undertake supply. Applied biological control has a good record of environmental compatibility. Prospects for the control method are briefly outlined.

scholarly journals Status of Paliga auratalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) as black potato pest and its control strategy using natural enemies: Paliga auratalis moth as black potato pest in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Erniwati Erniwati ◽  
◽  
Tiara Sayusti ◽  
Woro Anggraitoningsih Noerdjito ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Potato Culture ◽  
The Status

Plectranthus rotundifolius is an edible tuber that widely distributed in Asia, covers India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Plectranthus rotundifolius which commonly called as black potato in Indonesia is potential to be developed for national food diversification due to its high carbohydrates. However, one of challenges in black potato culture is the existence of moth pest infected the plants. This study was aimed to evaluate the status of Paliga auratalis moth as an insect pest in black potato plant and to develop the countermeasure strategy through its natural enemies. Observation and collection of P. auratalis and other potential insect pests was conducted in 12 black potato plantations located in five provinces of Java Island. The life cycle of P. auratalis was observed in the laboratory of Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science. Rearing of unhealthy P. auratalis larvae was also conducted to observe its natural enemies. We identified five species of moths infested black potato plants i.e.: Argyrograma sp., Pycnarmon cribat, Pleuroptya punctimarginalis, Rehimena diemenalis, and Paliga auratalis. Based on our observation, we confirmed that. P. auratalis is the main insect pest in Java Island with serious stack status. P. auratalis spend its lifecycle from eggs to adult between 25 – 32 days with the total eggs about 60-80 per female individual. We also identified two parasitic wasps as the natural enemies of P.auratalis i.e.: Aspanteles sp. and Cryptopimpla sp. which are potential to be a biological control agents of P. auratalis.

scholarly journals Microorganisms as bioinsecticides; short review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
U. Isah ◽  
M.A. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Develop Environment

Hundred thousand tons of chemical insecticides are used annually in Nigeria to combat insect disease vectors especially agricultural pests, but this sort of vector control method is gradually being substituted due to their  environmental effects on non-target beneficial insects especially vertebrates through contamination of food and water. To counteract this contamination, attention, efforts and researches were directed to the use of biological control agents including insect pathogens. As a result, the use of bio insecticide, as a component of integrated pest management (IPM), has been gaining acceptance over the world. Microbial pathogens comprise of organisms which cause disease, these organisms are disseminated in the pest population in large quantity in a manner similar to application of chemical pesticides.  Insects like other organisms are susceptible to a variety of diseases caused by different groups of microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Microbial pathogens of insects are intensively investigated to develop environment friendly pest management strategies in agriculture. Microbial insecticides represent today the best alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pests, they are safe for non-target species and human health are believed to show low persistence in the environment. This short review indicates that microbial insecticides are the safe alternative way possessing all the requirements to replace chemical insecticides hence, they can be utilized in pest management and control. Keywords: Bio-insecticides, Microorganisms, biological control, pest, chemical insecticides

scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lacerda ◽  
A. M. R. M. Ferreira ◽  
T. V. Zanuncio ◽  
J. C. Zanuncio ◽  
A. S. Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Bombyx Mori L ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.

scholarly journals Rearing Trissolcus japonicus and Trissolcus mitsukurii for Biological Control of Halyomorpha halys

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Giuseppino Sabbatini-Peverieri ◽  
Christine Dieckhoff ◽  
Lucrezia Giovannini ◽  
Leonardo Marianelli ◽  
Pio Federico Roversi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Trissolcus Japonicus ◽  
Cumulative Curves

Halyomorpha halys is a severe agricultural pest of Asian origin that has invaded many countries throughout the world. Pesticides are currently the favored control methods, but as a consequence of their frequent use, often disrupt Integrated Pest Management. Biological control with egg parasitoids is seen as the most promising control method over the long-term. Knowledge of the reproductive biology under laboratory conditions of the most effective candidates (Trissolcus japonicus and Trissolcus mitsukurii) for optimizing production for field releases is strongly needed. Rearing of these egg parasitoids was tested by offering three different host supply regimes using new emerged females and aged, host-deprived females in different combinations. Results showed a mean progeny per female ranging from 80 to 85 specimens for T. japonicus and from 63 to 83 for T. mitsukurii. Sex ratios were strongly female biased in all combinations and emergence rates exceeded 94% overall. Cumulative curves showed that longer parasitization periods beyond 10–14 days (under the adopted rearing regimes) will not lead to a significantly increase in progeny production. However, ageing females accumulate eggs in their ovaries that can be quickly laid if a sufficient number of host eggs are supplied, thus optimizing host resources. Our data showed that offering H. halys egg masses to host-deprived female Trissolcus once a week for three weeks allowed its eggs to accumulate in the ovary, providing the greatest number of offspring within a three week span.

Carabidae (Coleoptera) in Nova Scotia, Canada wild blueberry fields: prospects for biological control

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 779-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Cutler ◽  
J.M. Renkema ◽  
C.G. Majka ◽  
J.M. Sproule
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Conservation Biological Control ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Wild Blueberries ◽  
Wild Blueberry

AbstractThe Carabidae (Coleoptera) are a diverse family of beetles with almost 300 species identified in Nova Scotia, Canada. Carabid beetle communities have been studied in several agricultural systems, but not wild blueberries, an important crop in eastern Canada. In the interest of potentially developing conservation biological control programs in wild blueberry, we collected Carabidae in crop (fruit-bearing) and sprout (vegetative) blueberry fields in Nova Scotia in order to assess species diversity and abundance over space and time. Over 3200 specimens were collected, representing 51 species. A large portion of collected specimens (39%) were nonnative, and the most abundant species were generally predacious and synanthropic. Species diversity tended to be higher near forest edges than further into fields, but not for all abundant species. Several of the most prominent predators showed significant differences in preference of crop versus sprout fields, distribution throughout fields, and seasonable abundance. These findings have implications for conservation biological control efforts with carabid beetles against several insect pests in wild blueberry.

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