Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): II. An Annotated List of the Predators Associated with the Balsam Woolly Aphid in Eastern Canada

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 678-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The present paper is the second of a series arising from a continuing study of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), and its biological control. The history of this introduced insect has been described (Balch, 1952). During the course of our studies a number of records of species associated with A. piceae have been obtained.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): XI. Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Research Institute

Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. is one of the complex of predators that attacks A. piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. After studies on its morphology, biology, and distribution were made by Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1954), C. nigrocellulata was reared in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control and introduced into New Brunswick via the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Ontario.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IV. Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Early in the present century the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was introduced accidentally into North America. The history of its development and spread in the United States and Canada has been described by Balch (1952). At the present time, the adelgid occurs in eastern Canada over approximately the southern half of New Brunswick with an extension of the range in the extreme northeastern part of the Province, throughout Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and in some areas of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Newfoundland.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): V. Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 657-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Carpathian Mountains ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. is one of several species that have been introduced into the Atlantic Provinces since 1933 for the biological control of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). This small beetle occurs commonly on A. piceae infestations in Europe where it is one of the more numerous predators of the adelgid (Mesnil, 1950:). Franz (1953) described its range in Europe as from the Italian Alps to near southern Denmark and from Normandy almost to the Carpathian Mountains, srating that its distribution is bound to that of the Coniferae on which its prey live. Franz also described the morphology of all stages in detail and discussed the bionomics and ecology in Europe. Prior to these studies the biology of thc insect was unknown.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) VI. Aphidecta obliterata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Introduced Predator ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Made In

Aphidecta obliterata (L.) is a common predator on conifer-infesting adelgids and aphids in Western Europe, including Scandinavia and the British Isles (Wylie, 1958b). The life cycle in Europe and descriptions of the various stages have been published (Weise, 1892; Portevin, 1931; Van Emden, 1949; Van Dinther, 1951; Wylie, 1958a). Beginning in 1941 several attempts have been made to introduce this species into Eastern Canada against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). The initial liberations from England and Germany were apparently unsuccessful due to the inability of the insect to survive the Canadian winter conditions. Later collections were made in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland (Table I) from areas where the winter conditions more closely resemble those in Canada. These liberations also proved unsuccessful. The present paper brings together all available information on the liberations and related experiments olbtained during the liberation years.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) X. Field Identification of Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Promise ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Field Workers

Over the past ten years a number of exotic predators have been introduced into New Brunswick and other parts of North America as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Several of these have become established and others show considerable promise. As introductions continue it becomes exceedingly important that field workers be able to distinguish rapidly all stages of introduced and native predators. Field identification characters for some species (Chamaemyiidae and Syrphidae) have been published in previous papers in this series (Brown and Clark, 1956, 1960; Clark and Brown, 1957) and have been found to be very useful.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IX. Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1162-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Available Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lower Population

Pullus impexus (Muls.) is one of many species of predators that have been introduced into Eastern Canada since 1933 as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) Delucchi (1954) has published many details of the systematics, biology, and natural control of this species in Europe where he found it to be associated with all A. piceae infestations. According to Pschorn-Walcher and Zwölfer (1960), it is one of a group of predators that are usually associated with lower population densities of A. piceae and other related adelgids, rhan are Aphidoletes thompsoni Möhn and Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. Because it is common on adelgid infestations in Europe and because it can easily be reared en masse, large numbers have been released in North America. The purpose of the present paper is to bring together available information on releases, life-history and natural control, and control value of this species, obtained from studies carried out over the past nine years in New Brunswick.

A Field Cage for Rearing Syrphid Larvae and Other Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 723-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Field Cage ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Syrphid Larvae

Several species of syrphids are common predators on the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges aiceae (Ratz.). in eastern Canada. Larvae are found on infested trees throughout the summer in a certain sequence of species. Occasionally adult syrphids are collected while ovipositing.Attempts have been made to rear the larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark but the difficulty of keeping the bark moist and preventing the growth of mould and of transferring the larvae to fresh bark made this method unsatisfactory. The prey died before rearing was complete. Rearing the larvae in the field appeared to be the solution to this problem and a suitable cage was designed which was simple to make, install, and examine (Fig. 1).

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), VII. Laricobius rubidus Lec. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a Predator of Pineus strobi (Htg.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Although Laricobius rubidus LeConte (1861, 1866) is not a common predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), this paper is included in the series because of the close taxonomic similarities of L. rubidus in all stages to the recently introduced L. erichsonii Rosenh. In the past there has been confusion in the literature because the majority of records of rubidus have been erroneously attributed to erichsonii. These records have been discussed in detail in a paper on L. erichsonii, a species which has been introduced into North America as part of a biological control program against A. piceae (Clark and Brown, 1958).

Pullus impexus(Muls.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), a Predator ofAdelges piceae(Ratz.) (Hemiptera, Adelgidae), with notes on its Parasites

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Delucchi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Probable Distribution ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Generation

The biology ofPullus impexus(Muls.), a Coccinellid beetle predacious onAdelges piceae(Ratz.) in Switzerland, Germany and France, was studied during 1950–1952. The present work is a part of the research on the complex problem of factors in the control of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in Canada.The morphology of both the larva and the adult has been studied. Some information has been provided on the probable distribution of the species.P. impexushas only one generation a year. The eggs are deposited during the late summer or early autumn on infested trees and the larvae hatch in April. The larvae develop and adults appear in May. The adults of the new generation are to be found in June together with adults of the old generation. In the biology, particular attention has been directed to the diet of the insect in each of its stages, in order to establish the value of the species from the standpoint of biological control.Two new species of Hymenopterous parasites were found in Switzerland and in Germany,Scymnophagus mesniliFerr., a parasite of pupae, andCentistes scymniFerr., a parasite of the imagines. The life history of these species has been briefly studied. A cephaline gregarine species was noted in the mesenteron of adults ofP. impexusand a nematode in the abdominal cavity of a female. The two Hymenopterous species provide an important limiting factor in the increase of the population ofP. impexus.

Releases in North America and Reviews of Bionomics in Europe of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), causes serious damage to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in Eastern Canada. It was introduced from Europe before 1900 (Balch, 1952) and has also become established in the northeastern United States. In continental Europe A. piceae is common on Abies alba Mill. but is not so serious a pest as in Canada. It has an extensive complex of insect predators in both Canada (Balch, 1934) and Europe (Delucchi, 1954). Balch (1934, 1952) found those in Canada inadequate as control agents. Some of the predators of Pineus pini Koch and Pineus strobi (Htg.) studied by Wilson (1938) in England, and recommended for introduction to new areas, were imported to Canada and released against A. piceae. Predators were first introdnced from Ensland in 1933 and later from continental Europe beginning in 1951.

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