scholarly journals Thyroid Hormone Action in Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Chatonnet ◽  
Frédéric Picou ◽  
Teddy Fauquier ◽  
Frédéric Flamant
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hormone Action ◽  
Cerebral Cortex Development ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Action

Thyroid hormones (TH, including the prohormone thyroxine (T4) and its active deiodinated derivative 3,,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)) are important regulators of vertebrates neurodevelopment. Specific transporters and deiodinases are required to ensure T3 access to the developing brain. T3 activates a number of differentiation processes in neuronal and glial cell types by binding to nuclear receptors, acting directly on transcription. Only few T3 target genes are currently known. Deeper investigations are urgently needed, considering that some chemicals present in food are believed to interfere with T3 signaling with putative neurotoxic consequences.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. R83-R97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Cerebral Cortex Development ◽  
Subplate Neurons ◽  
Genes Encoding

The physiological and developmental effects of thyroid hormones are mainly due to the control of gene expression after interaction of T3 with the nuclear receptors. To understand the role of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortex development, knowledge of the genes regulated by T3 during specific stages of development is required. In our laboratory, we previously identified genes regulated by T3 in primary cerebrocortical cells in culture. By comparing these data with transcriptomics of purified cell types from the developing cortex, the cellular targets of T3 can be identified. In addition, many of the genes regulated transcriptionally by T3 have defined roles in cortex development, from which the role of T3 can be derived. This review analyzes the specific roles of T3-regulated genes in the different stages of cortex development within the physiological frame of the developmental changes of thyroid hormones and receptor concentrations in the human cerebral cortex during fetal development. These data indicate an increase in the sensitivity to T3 during the second trimester of fetal development. The main cellular targets of T3 appear to be the Cajal-Retzius and the subplate neurons. On the other hand, T3 regulates transcriptionally genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, involved in cell migration and the control of diverse signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Looking for the Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormone

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshed R. Tata
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Hormone Action ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Action ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cumulative Knowledge ◽  
Important Milestone

The mechanisms of action of thyroid hormone (TH), characterized by multiple physiological activities, proposed over the last 80 years are a reflection of the progression of our knowledge about eukaryotic signalling processes. The cumulative knowledge gained raises the question as to what is so special about the action of this hormone. The discovery in the 1980s that TH receptors belong to the family of nuclear transcription factors that regulate the expression of hormonal target genes was an important milestone. TH receptors are highly organized within the chromatin structure, which itself is modified by several chromosomal and nonchromosomal factors, in the presence and absence of the hormone. Recently, some investigators have suggested that TH acts via both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms and introduced the concept of networking within cellular complexes. While one cannot as yet precisely describe the mechanism of thyroid hormone action, I will attempt here to point out the present thinking and future directions to achieve this goal in the light of the historical background.

Nuclear Receptors and the Initiation of Thyroid Hormone Action

1976 ◽  
pp. 529-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK H. OPPENHEIMER ◽  
HAROLD L. SCHWARTZ ◽  
MARTIN I. SURKS ◽  
DIONA KOERNER ◽  
WOLFGANG H. DILLMANN
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Hormone Action ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Action

scholarly journals Local control of thyroid hormone action: role of type 2 deiodinase

2011 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R Williams ◽  
J H Duncan Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Hormone Action ◽  
Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Action

The thyroid gland predominantly secretes the pro-hormone thyroxine (T4) that is converted to the active hormone 3,5,3′-l-triiodothyronine (T3) in target cells. Conversion of T4 to T3 is catalyzed by the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase enzyme (DIO2), and T3 action in target tissues is determined by DIO2-regulated local availability of T3 to its nuclear receptors, TRα and TRβ. Studies of Dio2 knockout mice have revealed new and important roles for the enzyme during development and in adulthood in diverse tissues including the cochlea, skeleton, brown fat, pituitary, and hypothalamus. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which DIO2 controls intracellular T3 availability and action.

Molecular mechanisms of sex-dependent thyroid hormone action on target tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 122 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Rakov ◽  
K Engels ◽  
D Zwanziger ◽  
M Renders ◽  
K Brix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hormone Action ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Action
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