scholarly journals Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a patient with cirrhosis: the potential role for daptomycin and review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Falcone ◽  
Alessandro Russo ◽  
Giovanni Pacini ◽  
Manuela Merli ◽  
Mario Venditti
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Gram-positive cocci are emerging causes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), especially in patients with healthcare-associated infections. We report the case of a 68-year-old man with hepatitis C virus and alcohol-related cirrhosis who developed SBP due to methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus</em> <em>aureus</em> treated with daptomycin. We discuss the potential role of daptomycin in this setting with a review of the literature about the use of daptomycin in primary or secondary bacterial peritonitis.

An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment

Burns ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 681-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Embil ◽  
Judy A. McLeod ◽  
Ali M. Al-Barrak ◽  
Genevieve M. Thompson ◽  
Fred Y. Aoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Burn Unit

scholarly journals Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (-Like) Genes sey, selw, selx, selz, sel26 and sel27 in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiji Soe Aung ◽  
Noriko Urushibara ◽  
Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya ◽  
Masahiko Ito ◽  
Satoshi Habadera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Features

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus associated with various toxic diseases due to their emetic and superantigenic activities. Although at least 27 SE(-like) genes have been identified in S. aureus to date, the newly identified SE(-like) genes have not yet been well characterized by their epidemiological features. In this study, the prevalence and genetic diversity of SE gene sey and SE-like genes selw, selx, selz, sel26, and sel27 were investigated for 624 clinical isolates of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA). The most prevalent SE(-like) gene was selw (92.9%), followed by selx (85.6%), sey (35.4%) and selz (5.6%), while sel26 and sel27 were not detected. Phylogenetically, sey, selw, selx, and selz were discriminated into 7, 10, 16, and 9 subtypes (groups), respectively. Among these subtypes, sey was the most conserved and showed the highest sequence identity (>98.8%), followed by selz and selx. The SE-like gene selw was the most divergent, and four out of ten genetic groups contained pseudogenes that may encode truncated product. Individual subtypes of SE(-like) genes were generally found in isolates with specific genotypes/lineages of S. aureus. This study revealed the putative ubiquity of selw and selx and the prevalence of sey and selz in some specific lineages (e.g., ST121) in CA-MRSA, suggesting a potential role of these newly described SEs(-like) in pathogenicity.

Unsolved Issues in the Treatment of Spontaneous Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis: Nosocomial Versus Community-acquired Infections and the Role of Fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Enrico Maraolo ◽  
Antonio Riccardo Buonomo ◽  
Emanuela Zappulo ◽  
Riccardo Scotto ◽  
Biagio Pinchera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Empiric Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Peritonitis ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Introduction:Historically, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has represented one of the most frequent and relevant infectious complications of advanced liver disease, and this is still valid today. Nevertheless, in recent years the role of fungi as causative pathogens of primary peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis has become not negligible. Another issue is linked with the traditional distinction, instrumental in therapeutic choice, between community-acquired and nosocomial forms, according to the onset. Between these two categories, another one has been introduced: the so-called “healthcare-associated infections”.Objective:To discuss the most controversial aspects in the management of SBP nowadays in the light of best available evidence.Methods:A review of recent literature through MEDLINE was performed.Results:The difference between community-acquired and nosocomial infections is crucial to guide empiric antibiotic therapy, since the site of acquisition impact on the likelihood of multidrug-resistant bacteria as causative agents. Therefore, third-generation cephalosporins cannot be considered the mainstay of treatment in each episode. Furthermore, the distinction between healthcare-associated and nosocomial form seems very subtle, especially in areas wherein antimicrobial resistance is widespread, warranting broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens for both. Finally, spontaneous fungal peritonitis is a not common but actually underestimated entity, linked to high mortality. Especially in patients with septic shock and/or failure of an aggressive antibiotic regimen, the empiric addition of an antifungal agent might be considered.Conclusion:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is one of the most important complications in patients with cirrhosis. A proper empiric therapy is crucial to have a positive outcome. In this respect, a careful assessment of risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens is crucial. Likewise important, mostly in nosocomial cases, is not to overlook the probability of a fungal ascitic infection, namely a spontaneous fungal peritonitis.

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