scholarly journals Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Byrne ◽  
Craig Owen ◽  
Aurélien Cosnefroy ◽  
Jason Kai Wei Lee
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Fluid Ingestion ◽  
Cold Fluid ◽  
Control Fluid

Context: Precooling is the pre-exercise reduction of body temperature and is an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental heat. A practical and effective method of precooling suitable for application at athletic venues has not been demonstrated. Objective: To confirm the effectiveness of pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid without fluid ingestion during exercise on pre-exercise core temperature and to determine whether pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid alone without continued provision of cold fluid during exercise can improve exercise performance in the heat. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Environmental chamber at an exercise physiology laboratory that was maintained at 32°C, 60% relative humidity, and 3.2 m/s facing air velocity. Patients or Other Participants: Seven male recreational cyclists (age = 21 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m, mass = 78.4 ± 9.2 kg) participated. Intervention(s): Participants ingested 900 mL of cold (2°C) or control (37°C) flavored water in 3 300-mL aliquots over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest. Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal temperature and thermal comfort before exercise and distance cycled, power output, pacing, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss during exercise. Results: During rest, a greater decrease in rectal temperature was observed with ingestion of the cold fluid (0.41 ± 0.16°C) than the control fluid (0.17 ± 0.17°C) over 35 to 5 minutes before exercise (t6 = −3.47, P = .01). During exercise, rectal temperature was lower after ingestion of the cold fluid at 5 to 25 minutes (t6 range, 2.53–3.38, P ≤ .05). Distance cycled was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (19.26 ± 2.91 km) than after ingestion of the control fluid (18.72 ± 2.59 km; t6 = −2.80, P = .03). Mean power output also was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (275 ± 27 W) than the control fluid (261 ± 22 W; t6 = −2.13, P = .05). No differences were observed for pacing, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss (P > .05). Conclusions: We demonstrated that pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid is a simple, effective precooling method suitable for field-based application.

The effect of minimal differences in the skin-to-air vapor pressure gradient at various dry-bulb temperatures on self-paced exercise performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity M. Bright ◽  
Brad Clark ◽  
Ollie Jay ◽  
Julien D. Periard
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Vapor Pressure Gradient

The effects of dry-bulb temperature on self-paced exercise performance, along with thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual responses, were investigated by minimizing differences in the skin-to-air vapor pressure gradient (Psk,sat-Pa) between temperatures. Fourteen trained male cyclists performed 30-km time trials in 13˚C and 44% relative humidity (RH), 20˚C and 70% RH, 28˚C and 78% RH, and 36˚C and 72% RH. Power output was similar in 13˚C (275±31 W; mean and SD) and 20˚C (272±28 W; P=1.00), lower in 36˚C (228±36 W) than 13˚C, 20˚C and 28˚C (262±27 W; P<0.001) and lower in 28˚C than 13˚C and 20˚C (P<0.001). Peak rectal temperature was higher in 36˚C (39.6±0.4˚C) than all conditions (P<0.001) and higher in 28˚C (39.1±0.4˚C) than 13˚C (38.7±0.3˚C; P<0.001) and 20˚C (38.8˚C±0.3˚C; P<0.01). Heart rate was higher in 36˚C (163±14 beats·min-1) than all conditions (P<0.001) and higher in 20˚C (156±11 beats·min-1; P=0.009) and 28˚C (159±11 beats·min-1; P<0.001) than 13˚C (153±11 beats·min-1). Cardiac output was lower in 36˚C (16.8±2.5 l·min-1) than all conditions (P<0.001) and lower in 28˚C (18.6±1.6 l·min-1) than 20˚C (19.4±2.0 l·min-1; P=0.004). Ratings of perceived exertion were higher in 36˚C than all conditions (P<0.001) and higher in 28˚C than 20˚C (P<0.04). Self-paced exercise performance was maintained in 13˚C and 20˚C at a matched evaporative potential, impaired in 28˚C and further compromised in 36˚C in association with a moderately lower evaporative potential and marked elevations in thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual strain.

scholarly journals Provision of instructions to drink ad libitum or according to thirst sensation: impact during 120 km of cycling in the heat in men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Claveau ◽  
Thomas A. Deshayes ◽  
David Jeker ◽  
Timothée Pancrate ◽  
Eric D.B. Goulet
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Fluid Ingestion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Difference

The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking are used interchangeably, but should they? We investigated the differences in how athletes consume fluids during exercise when instructed to drink according to thirst or ad libitum. Using a randomized, crossover and counterbalanced design, 10 males (27 ± 4 y) cycled 120 km (48 ± 4% of peak power, 33°C, 40% relative humidity) on two occasions, while drinking water according to thirst or ad libitum. Participants covered the cycling trials in 222 ± 11 min (p = 0.29). Although the body mass loss at the end of exercise and total volume of water consumed were similar between trials, thirst perception before each sip and the volume consumed per sip were significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, whereas the total number of sips was significantly lower with thirst than ad libitum drinking. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature and heart rate were all significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, but the difference was trivial. In conclusion, thirst and ad libitum drinking are associated with different drinking patterns, but equally maintain fluid balance during prolonged exercise. The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking can be used interchangeably for guiding fluid intake during prolonged exercise. NOVELTY • Both strategies are associated with different patterns of fluid ingestion during prolonged exercise, but are equally effective in maintaining fluid balance; • Perceived exertion, rectal temperature and heart rate are regulated dissimilarly by thirst and ad libitum drinking, but the difference is trivial.

scholarly journals Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Gabriela Tomedi Leites ◽  
Paulo Lague Sehl ◽  
Giovani Dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Adriano Detoni Filho ◽  
Flavia Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
C 50

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p143 It’s unclear whether the combination of intense, chronic training and heat exposure during prepubescence improves thermoregulatory responses to exercise in artistic gymnastics athletes. The objective of this study was to compare thermoregulatory and perceptual responses between artistic gymnastics athletes and non-athlete girls while exercising both in heat and thermoneutral conditions. Seven athletes (8.7 ± 1.3 yrs) and 7 nonathletes (9.4 ± 1.5 yrs) cycled for 30 min at load (W) of ~55% VO2peak, on two separate occasions in a randomized order: heat (35˚C, 40% relative humidity) and thermoneutral conditions (24˚C, 50% relative humidity). Rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, thermal comfort and irritability were measured throughout the exercise. Initial rectal temperature was similar between athletes and non-athletes in both heat (37.2 ± 0.4 vs. 37.4 ± 0.2˚C, respectively) and thermoneutral conditions (37.3 ± 0.2 vs. 37.3 ± 0.3˚C). Final rectal temperature was similar between groups (38.0 ± 0.2 vs. 38.2 ± 0.2˚C in heat and 37.8 ± 0.2 vs. 37.9 ± 0.2˚C in thermoneutral conditions). Initial heart rate was lower in athletes in the heat (76 ± 7 vs. 91 ± 11 bpm, P = 0.01); however, throughout cycling, it became similar between groups. Athletes reported similar perceptual responses compared to non-athletes, with the exception of higher thermal comfort in the 10th minute of exercise in thermoneutral conditions (P = 0.003). It was concluded that athletes were similar to non-athletes with respect to thermoregulatory and perceptual responses during 30 min of cycling at similar relative intensities.

Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Upper Body Resistance Exercise Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Ben M. Krings ◽  
Brandon D. Shepherd ◽  
Hunter S. Waldman ◽  
Matthew J. McAllister ◽  
JohnEric W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
Repetitions To Failure

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to enhance aerobic exercise performance, but there is limited research with resistance exercise (RE). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing during a high-volume upper body RE protocol on performance, heart rate responses, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal. Recreationally experienced resistance-trained males (N = 17, age: 21 ± 1 years, height: 177.3 ± 5.2 cm, mass: 83.5 ± 9.3 kg) completed three experimental sessions, with the first serving as familiarization to the RE protocol. During the final two trials, the participants rinsed a 25-ml solution containing either a 6% carbohydrate solution or an artificially flavored placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blinded fashion. The participants rinsed a total of nine times immediately before beginning the protocol and 20 s before repetitions to failure with the exercises bench press, bent-over row, incline bench press, close-grip row, hammer curls, skull crushers (all completed at 70% one-repetition maximum), push-ups, and pull-ups. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal were measured at the baseline and immediately after each set of repetitions to failure. There were no differences for the total repetitions completed (carbohydrate = 203 ± 25 repetitions vs. placebo = 201 ± 23 repetitions, p = .46, Cohen’s d = 0.10). No treatment differences were observed for heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or felt arousal (p > .05). Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to be effective in increasing aerobic performance, the results from this investigation show no benefit in RE performance in resistance-trained males.

Effects Of Caffeine On Resistance Exercise Performance, Mood, Heart Rate, And Rating Of Perceived Exertion

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 443-444
Author(s):  
Edward Jo ◽  
Michael Martinez ◽  
Brown E. Lee ◽  
Jared W. Coburn ◽  
Biagini Matthew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion

scholarly journals Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition, Aerobic Performance and Lactate, Heart Rate and Perceptual Responses in Young Soccer Players

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpay Güvenç
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Ramadan Fasting

Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition, Aerobic Performance and Lactate, Heart Rate and Perceptual Responses in Young Soccer PlayersThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion in regularly trained young soccer players. Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. Mean age, stature, body mass and training age of the players were 17.4±1.2 years, 175.4±3.6 cm, 69.6±4.3 kg and 5.1±1.3 years, respectively. During the Ramadan period, all subjects voluntarily chose to follow the fasting guidelines and abstained from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. Body composition, hydration status, dietary intake and sleep duration were assessed on four occasions: before Ramadan, at the beginning of Ramadan, at the end of Ramadan and 2 weeks after the end of Ramadan. On each occasion, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion responses of players were also determined during an incremental running test. Repeated measures of ANOVA revealed that body mass, percentage of body fat, fat-free mass, hydration status, daily sleeping time and daily energy and macronutrient intake of players did not vary significantly throughout the study period (p>0.05). However, players experienced a small but significant decrease in skinfold thicknesses over the course of the study (p<0.05). Although ratings of perceived exertion at submaximal workloads increased during Ramadan (p<0.05), blood lactate and heart rate responses had decreased by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). In line with these changes, peak running performance and running velocity at anaerobic threshold also improved by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). Improvements in aerobic exercise performance with time were probably due to the effects of pre-season training program that was performed after the break of the fast (Iftar) during the month of Ramadan. The results of the present study suggest that if regular training regimen, body fluid balance, daily energy intake and sleep duration are maintained as before Ramadan, Ramadan fasting does not have detrimental effects on aerobic exercise performance or body composition in young soccer players.

scholarly journals Effects of almond, dried grape and dried cranberry consumption on endurance exercise performance, recovery and psychomotor speed: protocol of a randomised controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Marc Adrian d'Unienville ◽  
Alison Hill ◽  
Alison Coates ◽  
Catherine Yandell ◽  
Max Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Snack Food ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Performance Recovery

BackgroundFoods rich in nutrients, such as nitrate, nitrite, L-arginine and polyphenols, can promote the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which may induce ergogenic effects on endurance exercise performance. Thus, consuming foods rich in these components, such as almonds, dried grapes and dried cranberries (AGC), may improve athletic performance. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of these foods may reduce oxidative damage induced by intense exercise, thus improving recovery and reducing fatigue from strenuous physical training. Improvements in NO synthesis may also promote cerebral blood flow, which may improve cognitive function.Methods and analysisNinety-six trained male cyclists or triathletes will be randomised to consume ~2550 kJ of either a mixture of AGC or a comparator snack food (oat bar) for 4 weeks during an overreaching endurance training protocol comprised of a 2-week heavy training phase, followed by a 2-week taper. The primary outcome is endurance exercise performance (5 min time-trial performance) and secondary outcomes include markers of NO synthesis (plasma and urinary nitrites and nitrates), muscle damage (serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes), endurance exercise function (exercise efficiency, submaximal oxygen consumption and substrate utilisation), markers of internal training load (subjective well-being, rating of perceived exertion, maximal rate of heart rate increase and peak heart rate) and psychomotor speed (choice reaction time).ConclusionThis study will evaluate whether consuming AGC improves endurance exercise performance, recovery and psychomotor speed across an endurance training programme, and evaluate the mechanisms responsible for any improvement.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000360213.

Effects of Preferred and Nonpreferred Warm-Up Music on Exercise Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan C. Karow ◽  
Rebecca R. Rogers ◽  
Joseph A. Pederson ◽  
Tyler D. Williams ◽  
Mallory R. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Trial Time ◽  
Condition Versus

This study investigated the effects of preferred and non-preferred warm-up music listening conditions on subsequent exercise performance. A total of 12 physically active male and female participants engaged in a crossover, counterbalanced research design in which they completed exercise trials after 3 different warm-up experiences of (a) no music (NM), (b) preferred music (PREF), and (c) nonpreferred music (NON-PREF). Participants began warming up by rowing at 50% of of age-predicted heart rate maximum (HRmax) for 5 minutes while exposed to the three music conditions. Immediately following the warm-up and cessation of any music, participants completed a 2000-m rowing time trial as fast as possible. Relative power output, trial time, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and motivation were analyzed. Results indicated that, compared with NM, relative power output was significantly higher ( p  =   .018), trial time was significantly lower ( p  =   .044), and heart rate was significantly higher ( p  =   .032) during the PREF but not the NON-PREF condition. Rating of perceived exertion was not altered, regardless of music condition ( p > .05). Motivation to exercise was higher during the PREF condition versus the NM ( p  =   .001) and NON-PREF ( p <  .001) conditions. Listening to preferred warm-up music improved subsequent exercise performance compared with no music, while nonpreferred music did not impart ergogenic benefit.

scholarly journals Effects of Terbutaline Sulfate on Physiological and Biomechanical as Well as Perceived Exertion in Healthy Active Athletes: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanen Hafedh ◽  
Maamer Slimani ◽  
Bianca Miarka ◽  
Ramzi Bettayeb ◽  
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Terbutaline Sulfate ◽  
Cardiovascular Variables

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of beta2‐agonist terbutaline sulfate (TER) at a supra‐therapeutic dose (8 mg) on aerobic exercise performance. Twelve (6 females and 6 males) amateur athletes familiarized with all experimental procedures had their anthropometric data obtained on day 1. On days 2 and 3 either 8 mg of TER or a placebo (PLA) was administered orally (double‐blind manner) to participants who had rested for 3 h prior to aerobic exercise performance 20 m multistage fitness test (MSFT)]. This test was used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and velocity at which VO2max occurs (vVO2max). The Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE), cardiovascular variables [heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP)] and blood glucose concentration [BGC] were obtained 15 min pre‐ and immediately post‐MSFT. Significant mean group differences were reported between PLA and TER groups (p < 0.05), respectively, in the RPE (15.6 ± 1.2 vs. 17.3 ± 1.5 a.u.), maximum heart rate (HRmax: 191.2 ± 7.1 vs. 197.2 ± 8.6 bpm) and BGC (118.4 ± 18.3 vs. 141.2 ± 15.8 mg/dL) post‐MSFT. The main effect of gender (male vs. female) in TER and PLA groups (p< 0.05) was observed, with higher estimated VO2max, vVO2max, HRmax and a lower mean HR pre‐test in male than female athletes. For these reasons, the inclusion of TER in the Prohibited List should be re‐discussed because of the lack of ergogenic effects.

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