Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Increased Risk of Substance Use Disorder Relapse

There has been great interest in the overlap between ADHD and substance use disorder (SUD). ADHD is a common neurobehavioural disorder of childhood that places the individual at elevated risk for later SUD. Studies have shown that 25–40% of adults and adolescents with SUD have ADHD. Although the exact link between the two disorders is still unclear, it appears their connection is complex, and involves the interplay between various biological, behavioural, and genetic factors. Early pharmacotherapy of ADHD does not increase SUD, and, in fact, appears to reduce cigarette smoking and SUD. In individuals with ADHD and SUD, stabilization of SUD is recommended initially, with consideration of adjunct non-stimulant and extended release stimulant medications. More research on the mechanisms of overlap between the disorders, preventative effects of early ADHD treatment on SUD, and concurrent treatments for ADHD and SUD are necessary.

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Cigarette Smoking During Substance Use Disorder Treatment: Secondary Outcomes from a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment ◽

10.1016/j.jsat.2014.12.007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 39-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Erin A. McClure ◽

Aimee N.C. Campbell ◽

Martina Pavlicova ◽

Meichen Hu ◽

Theresa Winhusen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Substance Use ◽

Drug Abuse ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Drug Abuse Treatment ◽

National Drug ◽

Disorder Treatment ◽

Secondary Outcomes ◽

Abuse Treatment

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Case Report: CBD Cigarettes for Harm Reduction and Adjunctive Therapy in a Patient With Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorder

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.712110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Maximilian Meyer ◽

Marc Walter ◽

Stefan Borgwardt ◽

Alexandra Scheidegger ◽

Elisabeth Lang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Case Report ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Adjunctive Therapy ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Continued Use

The treatment of patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorder poses a challenge for clinicians. Continued use of cannabis and cocaine can exacerbate psychotic symptoms and worsen the course of disease. To date, no pharmacotherapy is available for patients with cannabis use disorder (CUD). Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are the main active constituents in Cannabis sativa, with the latter being linked to an increased risk of psychosis. We describe a clinical case of a male patient diagnosed with schizophrenia, combined personality disorder, CUD and cocaine use disorder. Over the course of 8 years, he was hospitalized 30 times due to psychotic relapses and continued substance use. Consequently, CBD cigarettes with a low THC content (<1%) were used as adjunctive therapy. Additionally, we established off-label treatment with methylphenidate to support abstinence. The patient reported to feel significantly less need to consume illegal cannabis with a high THC content. He stopped to use cocaine, for the time being, and has not been hospitalized since. This case report demonstrates the potential of smoked CBD as a substitute for severe and chronic CUD.

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P6476Surgery does not appear to improve survival in patients with endocarditis and substance use disorder

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.1067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

H Abdollah ◽

S B Brogly ◽

D Payne ◽

K Lajkosz ◽

N S Coverdale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Early Death ◽

Population Based ◽

Hospital Death ◽

Term Survival ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Increased Risk ◽

One Year

Abstract Background Cohort studies of surgery compared with medical treatment (MT) on endocarditis mortality are conflicting. We conducted a population-based study to estimate associations between treatment and mortality. Methods 1,381 patients with substance use disorder (SUD) and 5,053 without (NSUD) hospitalized for endocarditis were included. Treatment was modeled as a time-dependent variable: patients who underwent surgery after admission were classified as MT until surgery occurred and surgically treated thereafter. Patients without surgery were classified as MT. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) between treatment and death (in-hospital, 30 days, one, two, five years) by SUD status were estimated. Results Among SUD patients, there was a trend towards reduction in in-hospital death with surgery vs. MT (aHR 0.61 [95% CI: 0.35–1.04]), but no difference at 30 days (aHR 0.79 [95% CI: 0.42–1.48]). Mortality was higher in SUD patients who underwent surgery compared with MT at one (aHR 1.30 [95% CI: 0.95–1.76]), two (aHR 1.27 [95% CI: 0.97–1.65]), and five years (aHR 1.37 [95% CI: 1.09–1.72]). In NSUD patients, in-hospital mortality (aHR 0.93 [95% CI 0.76–1.16]) did not differ, but 30 day mortality (aHR 1.36 [95% CI 1.04–1.77]) was higher with surgery versus MT, and lower at one (aHR 0.87 [95% CI: 0.73–1.03]), two (aHR 0.75 [95% CI: 0.64–0.88]), and five years (aHR 0.70 [95% CI: 0.61–0.81]). Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves of Patients Interpretation Surgery compared with MT conferred no long-term survival benefit in SUD patients. In NSUD patients, surgery was associated with an initial increased risk of early death followed by a lower risk after one year. Acknowledgement/Funding Grant from Department of Surgery, Queen's University

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Brain Activation, Response Inhibition, and Increased Risk for Substance Use Disorder

Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research ◽

10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00604.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 405-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Rebecca L. McNamee ◽

Kathryn L. Dunfee ◽

Beatriz Luna ◽

Duncan B. Clark ◽

William F. Eddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Brain Activation ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Activation Response

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Substance use Disorder in the Offspring of Antenatally Depressed Mothers in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort: Relationship to Parental History of Severe Mental Disorder

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.025 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s246-s246

Author(s):

P. Mäki ◽

T. Taka-Eilola ◽

J. Veijola

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Maternal Depression ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Antenatal Depression ◽

Severe Mental Disorder ◽

Parental History ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Depressed Mothers

IntroductionMaternal depression during pregnancy is common. However, reports of the adult offspring with maternal antenatal depression are scarce.ObjectivesOur aim was to study whether offspring of antenatally depressed mothers have increased risk for substance use disorder when taking account parental mental disorder.MethodsIn the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, the mothers of 12,058 children were asked at the antenatal clinic if they felt depressed. The offspring were followed for over 40 years. Substance use disorders were detected using the Finnish Care Register for Health Care, which was also used for identifying severe mental disorders in the parents till 1984.ResultsOf the mothers, 14% had rated themselves as depressed during pregnancy. Of the parents, 10% had had a hospital-treated mental disorder. The risk for substance use disorder was slightly increased in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers (crude OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2–2.1), when compared with the cohort members without maternal antenatal depression. The risk for substance use disorder was higher in the offspring with both maternal antenatal depression and parental mental disorder (2.8; 1.7–4.7) than in those with maternal depression but without parental mental disorder (1.4; 1.1–2.0) or those without maternal depression and with parental mental disorder (1.5; 1.1–2.2). The reference group was cohort members without maternal antenatal depression and without parental mental disorder. The association remained significant after adjustment [1].ConclusionsOffspring with both maternal depression during pregnancy and parental severe mental disorder have elevated risk for substance use disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Substance Use Disorder and COVID-19; Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology Perspectives: A Concise Narrative Review

Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences and Forensic Medicine ◽

10.26735/jabo2616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 315-330

Author(s):

Ahmed S. Ali ◽

Torki Al-Zughaibi ◽

Assmaa A. Shaker

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Forensic Medicine ◽

The Body ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Risk Of Infection ◽

Medicine Research ◽

Defense Systems ◽

Extensive Search ◽

Increased Risk

Many investigations have confirmed the link between a substance use disorder (SUD) and the COVID-19 pandemic's increased risk of infection and consequences. This narrative review aims to understand these issues from a pharmacological standpoint, as well as the pandemic's impact on forensic medicine. Research and review articles included in this review were selected through an extensive search of databases such as PubMed and the use of appropriate keywords e.g. “substance use disorder” and “COVID-19”. Due to a weakened immune system and degeneration of the respiratory system's defense systems, SUDs have been shown to increase the risk of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, some substances raise pro-inflammatory mediators, exposing the body to a cytokine storm. SUD frequently causes secondary comorbidities, such as the liver, lung and cardiovascular disease, complicating the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Some misused substances can compromise the treatment's effectiveness or safety. This study also looked at the effects of the pandemic on forensic medicine. It underlines the importance of developing safe forensic examination procedures and methodologies during pandemics. The use of narcotic substances was documented as one of the reasons for the increase in the frequency of COVID-19 and the severity of its repercussions.

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Driving Access to Care: Use of Mobile Units for Urine Specimen Collection During the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Academic Pathology ◽

10.1177/2374289520953557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 237428952095355

Author(s):

Jill S. Warrington ◽

Alexa Brett ◽

Heather Foster ◽

Jamie Brandon ◽

Samuel Francis-Fath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Access To Care ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Drug Testing ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Urine Specimen ◽

Mobile Unit ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Urine Drug Testing ◽

Urine Drug

Patients with substance use disorders (SUD) are at increased risk of both coronavirus disease-19 complications as well as exacerbations of their current conditions due to social distancing and isolation. Innovations that provide increased access to support substance use disorder patients may mitigate long-term sequelae associated with continued or renewed drug use. To improve patient access during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic, we deployed a mobile unit to enable access to urine drug testing where needed for patients suffering from substance use disorder. Over a 3-week pilot program, 54 patients received urine drug testing across 5 providers and 8 zip codes. The mobile unit was cost-effective, demonstrating a volume-dependent 19% lower cost compared to pre-coronavirus disease-19 patient service centers in a similar geographic region. The mobile unit was well-received by patients and providers with an average of 9 out of 10 satisfaction scores and allowed for access to urine drug testing for 67% patients who would not have received testing during this time frame. No statistically significant differences were found in substance use positivity rates in comparison to pre-coronavirus disease findings; however, some shifts in use included higher rates of fentanyl and opioid positivity and reductions in tetrahydrocannabinol and cocaine use in the mobile collections setting. Deployment of mobile collection services during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic has shown to be an effective mechanism for supporting patients suffering from substance use disorder, allowing for access to care of this often stigmatized, vulnerable population.

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The Role of Negative Affect in the Course of Substance Use Disorders

10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0014 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth D. Reese ◽

Jennifer Y. Yi ◽

Ryan P. Bell ◽

Stacey B. Daughters

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Substance Use Disorders ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Central Mechanism ◽

Substance Use Treatment ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Negative affect (NA) plays a prominent role in theoretical models characterizing the course of substance use disorders and is thus considered a central mechanism contributing to maintenance of symptoms and increased risk for relapse. This chapter overviews theoretical models of substance use, highlighting the impact of NA within the addiction cycle. In this context, it examines the evidence linking NA to substance use disorder (SUD) development, maintenance, and relapse, highlighting the association between NA and addiction-specific processes including withdrawal and craving. It concludes with a discussion of current substance use treatment approaches that target NA, including promising new pharmacological and neurobiological treatments.

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